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CCIE Journey,
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Author: alperen
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Username alperen
E-mail alperenmad@hotmail.com
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Published articles:


category: 3G Handset and Network Design
 - Hardware Components
 - Software Components
 - Rich Media Properties
 - The Objective: To Be Objective
 - Predicting Device Level Evolution
 - A Brief Overview of the Technology
 - Bandwidth Quantity and Quality
 - Bridging the Reality Gap
 - Before We Start: A Note about Terms
 - Spectral Allocations—Impact on Handset Hardware Design
 - Setting the Stage
 - Frequency and Wavelength Relationship
 - TDMA
 - Duplex Spacing for Cellular (Wide Area) Networks
 - Multiplexing Standards: Impact on Handset Design
 - CDMA
 - FDMA
 - Difference between CDMA and TDMA
 - Modulation: Impact on Handset Design
 - Future Modulation Schemes
 - TDMA Evolution
 - Multiplexing
 - Advantages of 5 MHz RF Channel Spacing
 - 5 MHz CDMA: IMT2000DS
 - Impact of Increasing Processor Power on Bandwidth Quality
 - Channel Coding
 - Source Coding
 - Convolution and Correlation
 - A Note about Radio Bandwidth Quality
 - Direct Conversion Receivers
 - To Sum Up
 - Design Issues for a Multiband Phone
 - Design Issues for a Multislot Phone
 - Transmitter Architectures: Present Options
 - Design Issues for a Multimode Phone
 - GPRS/EDGE Handset Hardware
 - The Design Brief for a Multislot, Multiband, Multimode Phone
 - Receiver Architectures for Multiband/Multimode
 - Issues to Resolve
 - GPRS RF PA
 - Manage Power-Level Difference Slot to Slot
 - Power Amplifier Summary
 - Getting Started
 - Multiband Frequency Generation
 - 3G Handset Hardware
 - Code Properties—Orthogonality and Distance
 - Code Capacity - Impact of the Code Tree and Non-Orthogonality
 - Common Channels
 - Synchronization
 - Code Properties
 - Dedicated Channels
 - Code Generation
 - Root Raised Cosine Filtering
 - Modulation and Upconversion
 - The Digital Receiver
 - The Receiver
 - Power Control
 - Correlation
 - The RAKE Receive Process
 - Receiver Link Budget Analysis
 - IMT2000DS Carrier-to-Noise Ratio
 - Received Signal Strength
 - Receiver Front-End Processing
 - IMT2000TC
 - GPS
 - Radio Bandwidth Quality/Frequency Domain Issues
 - Infrared
 - Bluetooth/IEEE802 Integration
 - Radio Bandwidth Quality/Time Domain Issues
 - Future Modulation Options
 - IMT2000 Channel Coding
 - Reed-Solomon, Viterbi, and Turbo Codes in IMT2000
 - 3GPP2 Evolution
 - Characterizing Delay Spread
 - Practical Time Domain Processing in a 3G Handset
 - Conformance/Performance Tests
 - Impact of Technology Maturation on Handset and Network Performance
 - Implementation Options
 - CDMA2000 Downlink and Uplink Comparison
 - Linearity and Modulation Quality
 - 3G Handset Hardware Form Factor and Functionality
 - Frequency/Power Profile
 - Frequency Tolerance
 - Voice Encoding/Decoding (The Vocoder)
 - Impact of Application Hardware on Uplink Offered Traffic
 - Rich Media
 - CMOS Imaging
 - The Keyboard
 - The Smart Card SIM
 - Other Standards
 - The MPEG-4 Encoder
 - Battery Bandwidth as a Constraint on Uplink Offered Traffic
 - Impact of Hardware Items on Downlink Offered Traffic
 - Speaker
 - Display Driver and Display
 - How User Quality Expectations Increase Over Time
 - Alternative Display Technologies
 - MPEG-4 Decoders
 - Future Battery Technologies
 - Handset Power Budget
 - Processor Cost and Processor Efficiency
 - Handset Hardware Evolution
 - Flexible Bandwidth Needs Flexible Hardware
 - Adaptive Radio Bandwidth
 - Who Will Own Handset Hardware Value?
 - Handset Hardware Evolution
 - A Review of Reconfigurability
 - Typical Performance Trade-Offs
 - 3G Handset Software Form Factor and Functionality
 - Symbian
 - An Overview of Application Layer Software
 - Linux
 - Higher-Level Abstraction
 - Sun/Java
 - Microsoft
 - Palm
 - Exploring Memory Access Alternatives
 - The Cost of Transparency
 - Software/Hardware Commonality with Game Console Platforms
 - Text
 - The Distribution and Management of Memory
 - An Overview of the Coding Process
 - Voice
 - Source Coding
 - Add-On/Plug-On Software Functionality
 - Add-in/Plug-in Software Functionality:
 - Video
 - Image
 - Virtual Reality Modeling Language
 - Applying MPEG Standards
 - Object-Based Variable-Rate Encoders/Decoders
 - Quality Metrics
 - MExE-Based QoS
 - An Overview of Software Component Value
 - Digital Watermarking
 - Defining Some Terms
 - The SMS to EMS to MMS Transition
 - Operating System Performance Metrics
 - The OSI Layer Model
 - Automated Image Search Engines
 - Network Factors
 - MExE Quality of Service Standards
 - Maintaining Content Value
 - Authentication and Encryption
 - The Interrelated Nature of Authentication and Encryption
 - Digital Signatures
 - The Virtual Private Network
 - The IPSec Standard
 - Public Key Infrastructure
 - Security Management
 - The IETF Triple A
 - Hash Functions and Message Digests
 - Where to Implement Security
 - Key Management
 - Virtual Smart Cards and Smart Card Readers
 - DES to AES
 - Encryption and Compression
 - Smart Card SIMS
 - Biometric Authentication
 - Encryption Theory and Methods
 - Evolving Encryption Techniques
 - Public Key Algorithms: The Two-Key System
 - Prime Numbers
 - Congruency
 - Diffie-Hellman Exchange
 - Vulnerability to Attack
 - Working Examples
 - Over-the-Air Encryption
 - Authentication: Shared Secret Key
 - Secret Key Signatures
 - Digital Signatures
 - Public Key Cryptography
 - Handset Software Evolution
 - Java-Based Solutions
 - Developing Microcontroller Architectures
 - Searching for Quality Metrics in an Asynchronous Universe
 - Typical 3G Network Architecture
 - Hardware Innovations
 - Add-in Modules
 - Authentication and Encryption
 - The Impact of the Radio Layer on Network Bandwidth Provisioning
 - The Circuit Switch is Dead—Long Live the Circuit Switch
 - Looking to the Future
 - BTS and Node B Form Factors
 - Typical 2G Base Station Product Specifications
 - Agent Technology
 - Spectral Allocations—Impact on Network Hardware Design
 - 2G Base Stations as a Form Factor and Power Budget Benchmark
 - Node B Antenna Configuration
 - 3G Node B Design Objectives
 - The Benefits of Sectorization and Downtilt Antennas
 - Node B RF Form Factor and RF Performance
 - The 3G Transmitter
 - The Direct Conversion Receiver (DCR)
 - The RF/IF Section
 - Simplified Installation
 - The Digitally Sampled IF Superhet
 - Node B Receiver Transmitter Implementation
 - The 3G Receiver
 - QPSK Modulation
 - The Baseband Section
 - Technology Trends
 - Interpolation
 - System Planning
 - The Performance/Bandwidth Trade- Off in 1G and 2G Cellular Networks
 - TDMA/CDMA System Planning Comparisons
 - Radio Planning
 - Rules of Thumb in Planning
 - How System Performance Can Be Compromised
 - Timing Issues on the Radio Air Interface
 - Use of Measurement Reports
 - Uplink Budget Analysis
 - Long-Term Objectives in System Planning: Delivering Consistency
 - Wireless LAN Planning
 - Cellular/Wireless LAN Integration
 - Distributed Antennas for In-Building Coverage
 - GSM-MAP/ANSI 41 Integration
 - Approaching a Unified Standard
 - The SGSN Location Register
 - The GGSN GPRS Gateway Support Node
 - Mobile Network Architectures
 - GSM-MAP Evolution
 - GPRS Support Nodes
 - Session Management, Mobility Management, and Routing
 - Radio Resource Allocation
 - Location Management
 - Micro and Macro Mobility Management
 - Operation and Maintenance Center
 - Directional Antennas
 - Network Hardware Optimization
 - A Primer on Antennas
 - Dipole Antennas
 - The Flexibility Benefit
 - Dealing with Cable Loss
 - Smart Antennas
 - Omnidirectional Antennas
 - Installation Considerations
 - Dish Antennas
 - Switched Beam Antennas versus Adaptive Antennas
 - Distributed Antennas
 - Conventional versus Smart Antennas
 - A Note about Link Budgets and Power
 - Positioning and Location
 - Superconductor Devices
 - Smart Antennas and Positioning
 - Filter Basics
 - The Q factor
 - The Cavity Resonator
 - Circulators and Isolators
 - The Cavity Resonator in Multicoupling Applications
 - RF over Fiber: Optical Transport
 - Superconductor Filters and LNAs
 - Multichannel Combining
 - Hybrid Directional Couplers
 - Optical Transport in the Core Network
 - Optical Selectivity
 - Optical Transport Performance
 - Wavelength Division and Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
 - Antennas
 - Superconductor Devices
 - Optical Components
 - The Challenge for IP Protocols
 - Offered Traffic
 - Radio and Network Bandwidth Transition
 - Protocol Performance
 - Characterizing Traffic Flow
 - Traffic Distribution
 - The Preservation of Traffic Value
 - Sources of Delay, Error, and Jitter Sensitivity
 - The Five Components of Traffic
 - Offered Traffic at an Industry Level
 - The Four Classes of Traffic
 - Admission Control versus Policy Control
 - Converging Standards
 - Managing the Latency Budget
 - Solutions to Delay and Delay Variability
 - Delivering Quality of Service
 - Delivering Wireless/Wireline Transparency
 - Traditional Call Management in a Wireless Network
 - Session Management in a 3G Network
 - The Challenges of Wireline and Wireless Delivery
 - The Cost of Quality
 - Meeting the Costs of Delivery
 - The Persistency Metric
 - Overprovisioning Delivery Bandwidth
 - Preserving and Extracting Traffic Value
 - Session Switching
 - Increasing Offered Traffic Loading
 - Archiving Captured Content
 - The Cost of Asymmetry and Asynchronicity
 - Considering the Complexity of Exchange
 - Predicting Offered Traffic Load
 - Wireless LAN Standards
 - Local Area Connectivity
 - Delivering a Consistent User Experience
 - Network Hardware Evolution
 - The Hierarchical Cell Structure
 - Sharing the Spectrum with Bluetooth
 - Joining the Scatternet Club
 - A Network within a Network within a Network
 - Dealing with Infrared
 - Plug-in Modules
 - The Bluetooth Price Point
 - Working in a Real Office Environment
 - Low-Power Radio and Telemetry Products
 - Mesh Networks
 - Broadband Fixed-Access Network Hardware Evolution
 - Fixed-Access Wireless Access Systems
 - Weather Attenuation Peaks
 - Setting the Stage for Satellite
 - Wireless Delivery Platforms
 - Satellite Networks
 - Early Efforts
 - The NIMBY Factor

category: 3G Wireless Networks
 - History of First-Generation Systems
 - IS-54B and IS-136
 - Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
 - 1G Systems
 - GSM
 - Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
 - IS-95 CDMA
 - Roaming
 - A Little History
 - The Path to Third-Generation Technology
 - Handoff/Handover
 - The Amazing Growth of Mobile Communications
 - Mobile Communications Fundamentals
 - Wireless Migration
 - History of Second-Generation Systems
 - Basic Network Architecture
 - Harmonization Process
 - Air Interface Access Techniques
 - Overview of Following Chapters
 - Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
 - First Generation (1G)
 - Call Setup Scenarios
 - Handoff
 - Frequency Reuse
 - Spectrum Allocation
 - Channel Band Plan
 - General 1G System Architecture
 - 1G Systems
 - Generic MTSO Configuration
 - Second Generation (2G)
 - Generic Cell Site Configuration
 - Integration with Existing 1G Systems
 - GSM
 - TDMA (IS-54/IS-136)
 - Enhancements over 1G Systems
 - CDMA
 - Air Interface Channel Structure
 - GSM Traffic Scenarios
 - Location Update
 - GSM
 - GSM Network Architecture
 - The GSM Air Interface
 - Types of Air Interface Channels
 - Mobile-Originated Voice Call
 - Mobile-Terminated Voice Call
 - Handover
 - The IS-54 Digital Voice Channel
 - IS-95 System Description
 - Voice Channel Structure
 - Standard CDMA Cell Site Configurations
 - Offset Between Transmit and Receive
 - Pilot Channel Allocation
 - Speech Coding
 - Time Alignment
 - Control Channel
 - Traffic Calculation Methods
 - MAHO
 - IS-136 System Description
 - Frequency Reuse
 - Soft Handoffs
 - Power control
 - Pilot Channel PN Assignment
 - Handoff
 - Link Budget
 - Forward CDMA Channel
 - Traffic Model
 - Reverse CDMA Channel
 - iDEN (Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network)
 - Call Processing
 - Cell selection
 - Handoffs
 - Cell reselection
 - Search Window
 - Fast reconnect
 - CDPD
 - Overview of the 3GPP Release 1999 Network Architecture
 - Third Generation (3G) Overview
 - Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS)
 - Migration Path to UMTS and the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
 - UMTS Services
 - UMTS Speech Service
 - WCDMA Basics
 - Spectrum Allocation
 - Migration Path
 - GPRS Services
 - Overview of the 3GPP Release 4 Network Architecture
 - System Architecture
 - Spectrum
 - Commonality Between WCDMA/CDMA2000/CDM
 - The Evolution Generation (2.5G) What Is 2.5G?
 - Enhancements over 2G
 - Overview of the 3GPP Release 5 All-IP Network Architecture
 - Technology Platforms
 - Overview CDMA2000
 - General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
 - GPRS Network Architecture
 - GPRS Network Nodes
 - Transmission Plane
 - GPRS User Devices
 - The GPRS Air Interface
 - GPRS Control Channels
 - Packet Data Traffic Channels (PDTCHs)
 - GPRS Attach
 - Establishing a PDP Context
 - Combined GPRS/GSM Attach
 - Signaling Plane
 - GPRS Traffic Scenarios
 - The EDGE Network Architecture
 - EDGE Modulation
 - Air Interface Coding Schemes and Channel Types
 - High-Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
 - CDMA2000 (1XRTT)
 - Inter-SGSN Routing Area Update
 - GPRS Network Node Dimensioning
 - Traffic Calculation and Network Dimensioning for GPRS
 - Air Interface Dimensioning
 - Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE)
 - WAP
 - Deployment Issues
 - Deployment
 - System Architecture
 - Handoff
 - Frequency Planning
 - Traffic Calculation Methods
 - UMTS Basics
 - Migration Path from 2G to 2.5G to 3G
 - The WCDMA Air Interface
 - Uplink Spreading, Scrambling, and Modulation
 - Channelization Codes
 - Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS)
 - Scrambling Codes
 - Downlink Spreading, Scrambling, and Modulation
 - Downlink Spreading
 - Uplink Modulation
 - Downlink Scrambling
 - WCDMA Air Interface Protocol Architecture
 - Downlink Modulation
 - Logical Channels
 - Power Control in WCDMA
 - User Data Transfer
 - Uplink DPDCH and DPCCH
 - WCDMA Channel Types
 - Transport Channels
 - Physical Channels
 - Physical Channelss
 - Downlink DPDCH and DPCCH
 - UTRAN Interfaces and Protocols
 - Functional Roles of the RNC
 - The UTRAN Architecture
 - Iur Interface
 - Establishment of a UMTS Speech Call
 - UMTS Packet Data Sessions
 - Handover
 - Iu-CS Interface
 - Iu-PS Interface
 - Iub Interface
 - Home Agent
 - Centralized
 - Router
 - Packet Data Transport Process Flow
 - CDMA2000
 - The 3GPP Release 5 IP Multimedia Domain
 - Home Location Register (HLR)
 - Simple IP
 - Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
 - Simple IP with VPN
 - Base Station Controller (BSC)
 - Radio and Network Components
 - Network Structure
 - The 3GPP Release 4 Network Architecture
 - UMTS Core Network Evolution
 - Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN)
 - Distributed
 - Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA)
 - Regional
 - Walsh Codes
 - H.323 Call Establishment
 - The Session Description Protocol (SDP)
 - Voice-over-IP (VoIP) Technology
 - H.323 Call Release
 - Distributed Architecture and Media Gateway Control
 - Mobile IP (3G)
 - Why VoIP?
 - H.323 Fast Connect Procedure
 - The MEGACO Protocol
 - Forward Channel
 - The Basics of IP Transport
 - The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
 - MEGACO Transactions
 - Mobile IP with VPN
 - Radio Network
 - CDMA Channel Allocation
 - VoIP Challenges
 - The SIP Network Architecture
 - Reverse Channel
 - H.323
 - SIP Call Establishment
 - SR and RC
 - H.323 Network Architecture
 - Information in SIP Messages
 - Power Control
 - Overview of H.323 Protocols
 - The Session Description Protocol (SDP)
 - Call Establishment Using MEGACO
 - MEGACO and SIP Interworking
 - VoIP and SS7
 - The Sigtran Protocol Suite
 - Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
 - MEGACO Commands
 - MEGACO Descriptors
 - Differentiated Service (DiffServ)
 - MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS)
 - Example of Sigtran Usage
 - 3G System RF Design Considerations
 - RF System Design Procedures
 - VoIP Quality of Service
 - New Wireless System Procedure
 - The Resource Reservation Protocol
 - Propagation Models
 - Cost 231—Hata
 - Quick
 - 2.5G or 3G Migration RF Design Procedure
 - Hata
 - Methodology
 - Cost231 Walfisch/Ikegami
 - Free Space
 - Link Budget
 - Site Rejection (SR)
 - Site Activation
 - Tower-Top Amplifiers
 - RF Design Guidelines
 - EMF Compliance
 - Cell Site Design
 - RF Design Report
 - Search Area
 - Coverage Objectives
 - Site Qualification Test (SQT)
 - Site Acceptance (SA)
 - Coverage Quality
 - Inter System Coverage
 - Subscriber Forecast
 - Network Design Considerations
 - Traffic Forecasts
 - Voice Usage Forecast
 - Data Usage Forecast
 - Network Node Dimensioning
 - BSC Dimensioning
 - UMTS RNC Dimensioning
 - Build-Ahead
 - Antenna System Selection
 - Base Station Antennas
 - Performance Criteria
 - Placement of Network Nodes and Overall Network Topology
 - Diversity
 - Dimensioning of Other Network Elements
 - MSC Dimensioning
 - Cost Optimization
 - PDSN and Home Agent Dimensioning
 - Interface Design and Transmission Network Considerations
 - Considerations for All—IP Networks
 - SGSN and GGSN Dimensioning
 - Network Reliability Considerations
 - UMTS System Design
 - Installation Issues
 - Network Design Principles
 - Wall Mounting
 - RF Coverage Analysis
 - Antenna Installation Tolerances
 - dBi and dBd
 - Link Budgets
 - Intelligent Antennas
 - RF Capacity Analysis
 - Example Uplink Cell Loading for Data Service
 - Calculating Uplink Cell Load
 - Example Uplink Cell Loading for Voice Service
 - Downlink Cell Load
 - Example Downlink Cell Loading for Voice Service
 - Design of the Radio Access Network
 - 1x
 - Iub Interface Dimensioning
 - 1xEV-DO
 - Determining the Number of RNCs
 - 1xEV-DV
 - Designing The UTRAN Transmission Network
 - System Traffic Estimation
 - UMTS Overlaid on GSM
 - CDMA2000 System Design
 - Design Methodology
 - Load Sharing
 - Deployment Guidelines
 - Cell site area
 - PDSN
 - QoS
 - Packet Zone
 - Radio Elements
 - Design Utilization Rates
 - Antenna Configurations
 - BTS
 - Channel Element (CE) Dimensioning
 - Packet Data Services (RF Environment)
 - Population density
 - Fixed Network Design Requirements
 - Penetration rate
 - IP Addressing
 - IP Addressing
 - Traffic Model
 - Walsh Codes
 - Link Budget
 - Soft Handoffs
 - Handoffs
 - Search Window
 - Packet Data Rates
 - PN Offset Assignment
 - CDMA2000-1X
 - Sample Basic Designs
 - Omni-Directional Cell Sites
 - IS-95 to CDMA2000-1X
 - CDMA2000-1X to 3X
 - Communication Sites
 - Communication-Site Types
 - Macro-Cell Site
 - Diversity Spacing
 - Directional Cell Site
 - Roof Mounting
 - Micro-cells
 - Wall Mounting
 - Pico-Cell Sites
 - Cable Runs
 - Antenna Mounting
 - In-building
 - Towers
 - IM Check Procedure
 - Isolation
 - Communication-Site Check List
 - Intermodulation

category: Cloud Computing
 - What Is the Cloud?
 - The Emergence of Billow Computing
 - The Global Nature of the Cloud
 - Cloud-Based Account Offerings
 - Grid Accretion or Billow Computing?
 - Is the Billow Model Reliable?
 - What About Acknowledged Issues Back Using Billow Models?
 - Benefits of Application a Billow Model
 - Challenges for the Cloud
 - What Are the Key Characteristics of Billow Computing?
 - First-Generation Computers
 - Third-Generation Computers
 - Hardware Evolution
 - The Evolution of Cloud Computing
 - Second-Generation Computers
 - Fourth-Generation Computers
 - Finding a Common Method to Communicate Using the Internet Protocol
 - Building a Common Interface to the Internet
 - The Appearance of Billow Formations—From One Computer to a Filigree of Many
 - Server Virtualization
 - Internet Software Evolution
 - Establishing a Common Agreement for the Internet
 - Evolution of Ipv6
 - Parallel Processing
 - Vector Processing
 - Symmetric Multiprocessing Systems
 - Hosted and Managed Solutions
 - Web Services Delivered from the Cloud
 - Fully Integrated, Enterprise-Class Unified Communications
 - Advantages of CaaS
 - No Capital Expenses Needed
 - Communication-as-a-Service (CaaS)
 - Massively Alongside Processing Systems
 - No Accessories and Engineering Costs Incurred
 - Flexible Capacity and Feature Set
 - Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
 - No Risk of Obsolescence
 - Guaranteed Business Continuity
 - Using Amazon EC2 to Run Instances
 - Amazon EC2 Account Characteristics
 - FAA Guidelines
 - Modern On-Demand Computing
 - Amazon’s Elastic Cloud

category: Cisco Multicast Routing and Switching
 - Token Ring Multicast Addressing
 - Protocol Operation
 - Configuring IGMP
 - IGMP Show and Debug Commands
 - IGMP-Connected Group Membership
 - Internet Group Management Protocol
 - Ethernet Multicast Addressing
 - CGMP Command Summary
 - Cisco Group Management Protocol
 - Cisco Group Management Protocol 2
 - Monitoring CGMP
 - PIM-DM Assert Message
 - Protocol Independent Multicast — Dense Mode
 - PIM-DM Version 2
 - PIM-DM Version Protocol Operation
 - PIM-DM Router Configuration
 - Neighbor Discovery
 - Monitoring and Debugging PIM Dense Mode
 - PIM-DM Packet Forwarding
 - Interface States
 - PIM-DM Interface Pruning
 - PIM-DM Interface Grafting
 - PIM Neighbor Table
 - PIM-DVMRP Networks
 - Route Exchange
 - Route Selection
 - DVMRP Configuration Commands
 - Broadcast/Multicast Conversion
 - Session Directory
 - IP Multicast Rate Limiting
 - Stub Multicast Routing
 - Load Balancing
 - Multicast Static Routes
 - Multicasting and Non-Broadcast Multi-Access Networks
 - Multicast Support Commands
 - Multicast over ATM
 - RSVP Configuration Commands
 - RSVP Scenarios
 - Debugging RSVP
 - Wildcard-Filter (WF) Style
 - Fixed-Filter (FF) Style
 - Reservation Styles
 - Shared Explicit (SE) Style
 - RSVP Reservation Model
 - Resource Reservation Protocol
 - RSVP Protocol Messages
 - Configuring and Monitoring RSVP

category: Wi-Fi Security
 - Bluetooth
 - What Gives Bluetooth Its Bite?
 - Wireless LAN Security Factors
 - Counterfeiting
 - Safeguards
 - OFDM
 - Wireless Hacking
 - Bluetooth Spectrum Hopping
 - Enabling Encryption Security
 - Wireless DoS Attack
 - PREFACE
 - Intrusion Detection Systems
 - Bluetooth
 - NetStumbler
 - Bluetooth Connections
 - WEP Encryption
 - Points of Vulnerability
 - Wireless Defined
 - IEEE
 - Differences between the Wireless Standards
 - NetStumbler Software Uses
 - Data transmission
 - Encrypting 802.11b?
 - Factors of Security
 - WECA
 - Conclusion: How Security Applies
 - Script Kiddies
 - Error correction
 - Network Interface Cards
 - Theft
 - Wi-Fi
 - Technology Comparisons
 - HomeRF
 - Facts
 - Enforcing Security
 -  Cross-Platform Hacking
 - Access Control
 - The Many Flavors of 802.11
 - SWAP Specification
 - Bluetooth Technology
 - Link Me Up!
 - Eavesdropping
 - Authentication
 - FHSS
 - Integrating Wireless Phone and Data
 - Bluetooth Background
 - Conclusion: The Future of the WLAN
 - Breaking In!
 - Encryption
 - DSSS
 - Issues in Wireless Security
 - The State of Wireless LAN Security
 - Securing Your WLAN
 - Your Best Defense Against an Attack
 - Authenticating Data
 - Conclusion: Keeping Your WLAN Secure
 - WLAN Vulnerabilities
 - Subtle Attacks
 - Common Security Pitfalls
 - Keeping Data Intact
 - Location! Location! Location!
 - RC4
 - Active Attack Patterns
 - Client Authentication in a Closed System
 - Passive Attacks
 - Ensuring Privacy
 - Conclusion
 - Managing Keys
 - Shared Key Authentication
 - The Standard Algorithm
 - 802.11a
 - Conclusion: Evolution of the 802.11 Standard
 - Address Spaces
 - 802.11b
 - The 802.11 Standard
 - The 802.11 Standard in Security
 - 802.11d
 - Issues to Consider
 - Encryption
 -  802.11e
 - The 802.11 Standard Defined
 - Expanding the Network Standard
 - Timing and Power Management
 - 802.11f
 - Ad Hoc Networks
 - Roaming in 802.11
 - 802.11g
 - Extended Service Set
 - Speed
 - 802.11h
 - Wireless Radio Standard
 -  Standard “Flavors” of 802.11
 - 802.11i
 - Commercial Security Infrastructure
 - Conclusion: Maintaining a Secure Infrastructure
 - 802.11 Security Infrastructure
 - Point-to-Point Wireless Application Security
 - Building a Private Infrastructure
 - Items to Compromise
 - Deploying Your Wireless Infrastructure
 - Point of Interception
 - Determining Requirements
 - Wireless Vulnerability
 - Choosing a Flavor of 802.11
 - Building a Private Wireless Infrastructure
 - Security Design
 - Vulnerable Encryption
 - Monitoring Activity
 - Known WEP Imperfections
 - Why WEP?
 - Access Control
 - Defending Your Systems
 - IRL Security
 - 802.11 Encryption: Wired Equivalent Privacy
 - WEP Mechanics
 - Points of Vulnerability
 - Wireless Security Encryption
 - Keeping track
 - Insecure Keys
 - Wireless policy
 - Taking a Performance Hit
 - Conclusion: Finding Security in an Unsecured World
 - Wireless Authentication
 - Conclusion: Common Sense Access Controls
 - Privacy in Jeopardy
 - Safer Computing
 - Broadcast Monitoring
 - The “Human” Factor
 - Active Attacks
 - Defining the Bullet Points in a Security Policy
 - The “Evil” Access Point
 - Policy guidelines
 - Data Privacy
 - Training
 - Compromising Privacy in Public Places
 - Physical Security
 - Access methods
 - Unauthorized Access and Privacy
 - Protecting Your Privacy
 - Wireless Range
 - Passive Attacks
 - Public or Private?
 - Static Vulnerabilities
 - NIC Security
 -  Wireless NIC Power Settings
 - Managing Keys in an Open System
 - Open System to WEP Authentication
 - 802.11b Security Algorithms
 - Port-based Network Access Control
 - Shared-key Authentication
 - Securely Identifying Wireless Traffic
 - 802.11 Networks on Windows XP
 - Secret Keys
 - Extensible Authentication Protocol
 - The WEP Algorithm
 - Conclusion: Open System versus Closed System Authentication
 - Open System Authentication
 - Hop Sequences
 - MAC Layers
 - FHSS versus DSSS
 - Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
 - Frequency Allocation
 - Open System Security
 - It’s All About…Timing
 - 802.11 DSSS
 - Power Requirements
 - System Roaming
 - Increasing Data Transmission
 - Conclusion: Spectrum Safety!
 - FHSS Security
 - Building Extensions to Access Points
 - Issues in Wi-Fi Deployment
 - Directional Broadcasting
 - Wireless Equipment Vendors
 - Cost Concerns
 - WLAN Equipment Considerations
 - Wi-Fi Equipment Issues
 - Equipment Vendors
 - The Costs of Effective Security
 - Market Trends
 - Wired versus Wireless Security
 - Technology Issues
 - Vendor Trials
 - Access Point-centric Configuration
 - Conclusion: Next-generation Wireless Equipment
 - Mobile Device Configuration
 - Handheld Devices
 - Cross-platform Wireless Security Concerns
 - Cross-Platform Wireless User Security
 - Initialization Vector Collisions
 - WLAN Assignment Applications
 - Key Reuse
 - Cost Concerns
 - Macintosh WLANs
 - Lindows OS
 - Orinoco Wireless
 - Evil Packets
 - Real-time Decryption
 - Windows XP Wireless Connectivity
 - 802.11 Security Issues
 - Windows XP WEP Authentication
 - WLAN NIC Vendors
 - Conclusion: All Vendors Must Get Along!
 - Windows XP Wireless Functionality
 - Security Breach Vulnerabilities
 - Intercepting Wireless Network Traffic
 - Wireless 802.11b
 - Proximity Attack
 - PnP Networked Devices
 - Securing Your Network
 - WAP Attack!
 - Encryption
 - Commonsense Measures
 - Windows Users
 - Hacking the Network Printer
 - Printer Servers
 - Macintosh Computers
 - Linux Boxes
 - MAC the Knife
 - VPN WLAN
 - Patchwork
 - Passwords
 - Physical Access Point Security
 - Enhanced access-control schemes
 - Secure Access Point Management Issues
 - Establishing a wireless firewall
 - Controlling Access to Access Points
 - Preventive Measures
 - Reducing WEP Vulnerabilities
 - Portable Biometrics
 - Platform Bias
 - BlueSocket
 - Virtual private networks for mobile laptop users
 - Public Key Infrastructure
 - Vernier Network
 - Securing the WLAN
 - Wireless Laptop Network Support
 - Conclusion: Evolving Laptop Security
 - Enhancing Mobile Security
 - Administrative Security
 - Remote Users
 - Real Live People
 - Security Vulnerability Assessment
 - Intrusion Detection Systems
 - Risk Assessment
 - Host-based IDS
 - Authentication Solutions
 - Network-based IDS
 - wi-fi Passwords
 - Host IDS versus Network IDS
 - Why Have an IDS?
 - Building the Firewall
 - The Computer as the Decision Maker
 - Infrared
 - Wireless Connectivity
 - Access Control
 - Protecting Mobile Resources
 - Security Functionality
 - Building an Effective Mobile Security Policy
 - Seeking Security
 - HotSync
 - Why PDAs Require Privacy
 - Establishing a Security Policy
 - Privacy Concerns
 - SecurID
 - Maintaining Access Control
 - Data Encryption
 - How Hackers Fit into the Equation
 - Security Concerns
 - PDAs as Diagnostic Tools
 - Intranet Access with Your PDA
 - PocketDOS
 - PC emulation
 - Wireless Service Providers
 - PocketDOS
 - Conclusion: Mobile Wireless Computing
 - Pervasive Computing
 - Patriot Act, 2001 (USPA)
 - The Future of Wi-Fi Security?
 - Privacy Regulations
 - Fair Credit Reporting Act, 1970, 1996 (FCRA)
 - Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA)
 - Health Insurance Portability
 - Graham-Leach-Billey (GLB) Act, 2001
 - Assessing WLAN Strengths
 - Evolving Security
 - Biometrics
 - Basic Encryption
 - Enhancing Your Wireless Security
 - WEP
 - Competing Standards
 - Protecting Access
 - Denial of Service Attacks
 - Evolving Standards
 - Wireless Mobile Computing
 - Scrambled Data
 - OS Platform Evolution
 - Linux
 - Preventing Network Intrusion Attempts
 - OS Platform Evolution
 - Windows XP Security
 - Macintosh OS X
 - Combining Future WLAN
 - Lindows OS
 - Palm and PocketPC
 - Smart Systems
 - Conclusion: The Future of Wireless Networking
 - Network Servers
 - Printer Servers
 - File Servers

category: CCSP-Cisco Certified Security Professional
 - Computer and Network Operating Systems
 - Technology Weakness
 - TCP/IP Wasn’t Designed for Security
 - Identify the Causes of Network Security Problems
 - Identify the Need for Network Security
 - Configuration Weakness
 - Understanding Network Security Threats
 - Policy Weakness
 - Network Device Weaknesses
 - External Threats
 - Internal Threats
 - Structured Threats
 - Unstructured Threats
 - The Four Primary Types of Network Threats
 - Techniques to Counteract DoS Attacks
 - Gaining Initial Access
 - Motivation and Good Sense
 - Social Engineering
 - Terrorism, Act of War, and Legal Implications
 - Password-Based Attacks
 - Well-Known DoS Attacks
 - Access Attacks
 - DRDoS
 - Reconnaissance Tools
 - The Four Primary Types of Network Attack
 - Repudiation
 - Session Replay and Hijacking
 - DDos
 - Electronic Reconnaissance
 - Data Manipulation Attacks
 - Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks
 - Reconnaissance Attacks
 - IP Spoofing
 - Gaining Trusted or Privileged Access
 - Public Information
 - What Belongs in a Network Security Policy
 - Acceptable Use Policy (AUP)
 - Cisco Security Wheel
 - Evaluating a Network Security Policy
 - Network Security vs. Network Operations
 - SAFE
 - Auditing Network Security
 - Identifying the Threats
 - Security Cost vs. Risk of Loss
 - Cisco AVVID and SAFE Strategies
 - Monitoring Network Security
 - Identifying the Assets
 - Why Create a Network Security Policy
 - AVVIDS
 - Securing the Network
 - Assets and Threats
 - The Balancing Act
 - Keep It Flexible
 - Network Operations and Network Security Training
 - Security vs. Ease of Use
 - Example of a Network Security Policy
 - Who Should Help Create the Security Policy?
 - Security vs. Services Provided
 - Make Time for Training and Signing Off
 - A Security Policy Is to Be Shared
 - Network Security Policy
 - Message of the Day Banner (MOTD)
 - Physically Secure the Devices
 - Improving Network Security
 - Privilege Levels
 - Outside Network
 - Network Security Threats Review
 - Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
 - Inside Network
 - Secure Network Design Example
 - User Mode Passwords
 - Securing the Network 2
 - Privilege Mode Passwords
 - Securing Administrative Access
 - Network Security Threats Questions and Answers
 - Password Encryption
 - Securing Network Devices
 - Using Access Control Lists to Secure the Network
 - Flexiblity
 - Packet Encryption
 - Scalability
 - Why Authenticate?
 - The periodic Command
 - Define a Time Range
 - Interoperability
 - Router Management
 - Standard Authentication Methods
 - Centralized Authentication
 - Limiting Access to HTTP Sessions
 - Traffic Filtering
 - TACACS+
 - Multiple Backup Systems
 - Securing the Network Questions and Answers
 - Limiting the debug ip packet Analysis and, Therefore, CPU Use
 - Placement of Standard ACLs
 - STUDY TIP
 - TACACS+ and RADIUS Compared
 - TACACS+, RADIUS, and Kerberos Support
 - The show time-range Command
 - Extended Access Lists
 - Log Option
 - Standard ACLs
 - Driver’s License Analogy
 - Authentication and Authorization
 - Kerberos
 - Securing the Network Review
 - Restrict Application Traffic
 - Limiting Access to Telnet Sessions
 - Using Loopback Interfaces on Lab Routers
 - RADIUS Network
 - UDP vs. TCP
 - AAA Benefits
 - Cisco AAA Security Technology
 - The absolute Command
 - TCP’s Established Option
 - Show Line VTY Command
 - Client/Server Model
 - Challenge/Response
 - Increased Flexibility
 - The Cisco AAA Model
 - Reference the Time Range
 - Named Access Lists
 - Network Security Technology
 - Multiprotocol Support
 - Increased Security
 - NAS Servers
 - The time-range Command
 - Time-Based Access Lists
 - Define the Security Server—RADIUS
 - Enable AAA
 - Define the Method Lists
 - Define the Security Server—TACACS+
 - AAA as Facilitator
 - Define the Method Lists—Login
 - Steps to Configure AAA
 - AAA System Components
 - Steps to Configure AAA
 - Authentication
 - Define RADIUS Server Key Option
 - Define TACACS+ Server Key Option
 - Steps to Configure AAA
 - Authorization
 - Implementing Authentication Method Lists
 - Implementing Authorization Method Lists
 - Define the Authorization Method Lists
 - Testing AAA Configuration
 - The show Commands
 - The debug Commands
 - Define the Accounting Method Lists
 - Steps to Configure AAA 3
 - Cisco AAA Security Technology Questions and Answers
 - Cisco AAA Security Technology Review
 - Accounting
 - Implementing Accounting Method Lists
 - EAP Message Digest 5 (EAP-MD5) and EAP Transport LAN Services (EAP-TLS)
 - Features and Architecture of Cisco Secure ACS for Windows
 - CiscoSecure ACS for Windows and UNIX
 - Describe Cisco Secure ACS
 - Microsoft Challenge Authentication Protocol (MSCHAP) Support
 - Cisco Secure ACS and TACACS+/RADIUS Technologies
 - Features and Benefits
 - IEEE 802.1x—Access Control for Switched LAN Users
 - Multiple LDAP Support
 - CSDBSync
 - Device Command Sets (DCS)
 - CSLog
 - Per-User Access Control Lists (ACL)
 - CSAdmin
 - New NAS Wildcard, Multi-NAS, and Named Access Filters Features
 - CSAuth
 - Cisco Secure ACS for Windows Internal Architecture
 - User-Extensible Vendor-Specific Attributes (VSAs)
 - Cisco Secure ACS Benefits
 - CSTacacs and CSRadius
 - System Performance
 - CSMon
 - Preparing to Install UNIX ACS
 - Features and Benefits 2
 - Features of CiscoSecure ACS for UNIX
 - access-list cisco Authentication Proxy
 - Lock and Key (Dynamic ACLs) access-list cisco
 - access-list cisco ACL Summarization
 - Turbo ACLs access-list cisco
 - access-list cisco Troubleshoot
 - access-list cisco Masks
 - Distributed Time-Based ACLs access-list cisco
 - Types of IP ACLs access-list cisco
 - access-list cisco introduction
 - access-list cisco IP Called ACLs
 - Process ACLs access-list cisco
 - access-list cisco Prerequisites Requirements
 - Reflexive ACLs access-list cisco
 - Define Ports and Bulletin Types access-list cisco
 - access-list cisco Time-Based ACLs Using Time Ranges
 - Apply ACLs access-list cisco
 - Commented IP ACL Entries access-list cisco
 - Define In-Out-Source-and Destination access-list cisco
 - Context-Based Admission Control
 - IP-ICMP-TCP-UDP access-list cisco
 - access-list cisco Edit ACLs
 - Multiple Fixtures On Switch Loop
 - Gathering Information Required During Installation
 - switch loop cisco network
 - NAS Minimum IOS Requirements
 - Transparent Bridging Frame Format
 - Network Requirements
 - Transparent Bridging Review Questions
 - Back Up Server Data
 - Spanning-Tree Algorithm Transparent Bridging
 - Installing Cisco Secure ACS 3-0 for Windows
 - Cisco Bridging Loops
 - Operating System Requirements
 - Transparent Bridging Operation
 - Hardware Requirements
 - Switch Loop
 - Transparent Bridging
 - Configure Shared Profile Components
 - Configure Administrators
 - Configure System
 - Configure the ACS Web Interface
 - Logging Off the HTML Interface
 - Configuration Area
 - Configure Users
 - Remote Administrative Session Issues
 - Display Area
 - Configure Reports
 - HTTP Proxy Servers
 - Accessing the HTML Interface
 - Configure Groups
 - NAT Gateway
 - Navigation Bar
 - Configure Network
 - Firewall Devices
 - Administering and Troubleshooting Cisco Secure ACS for Windows
 - Configure External User Database
 - Suggested Configuration Sequence
 - Packet Encryption
 - Define RADIUS Server Key Option
 - Configuring Cisco Secure ACS and TACACS+
 - Configure NAS to RADIUS Server Communication
 - TACACS+ Overview
 - Define TACACS+ Server Key Option
 - Verifying TACACS+
 - The show Commands
 - The debug Commands
 - Configure NAS to TACACS+ Server Communication
 - Cisco Secure ACS and TACACS+ and RADIUS Technologies Questions and Answers
 - Cisco Secure ACS and TACACS+ and RADIUS Technologies Review
 - Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)-Network-Cisco
 - Inside Network 2
 - Outside Network 2
 - Simple Secure Network Design
 -  Perimeter Router Terms and Concepts
 - Perimeter Router Networks
 - Securing Cisco Perimeter Routers
 - Firewall DMZ Cisco Network
 - Verifying MD5 Authentication
 - Encryption and Tunneling
 - Hub and Switch Issues
 - Router Solutions
 - Configuring Authentication Example
 - Eavesdropping
 - Limit Unneeded TCP/IP and Other Services (Finger NTP CDP)
 - Denial of Service Attacks
 - Configure Reflexive Access Lists
 - Viewing Reflexive Access Lists
 - Dynamic NAT-Use a Standard ACL to Define the Local Addresses Eligible for Translation
 - Selecting the Interface to Use
 - Lack of Legal IP Addresses
 - Dynamic NAT-Link the Pool of Global Addresses with the Eligible Local Addresses
 - Display Dynamic Access Lists
 - NAT Technology and Terminology
 - Clearing the NAT Translation Table
 - Reflexive Access Lists
 - Device Interfaces
 - Dynamic NAT with Overloading (PAT)
 - Creating a Lock-and-Key System
 - Static NAT
 - Changing the PAT Default Inactivity Timeout Timers
 - Dynamic (Lock-and-Key) Access Lists
 - Configuring Static NAT
 - Debugging IP NAT
 - Unauthorized Access-Address Filtering
 - Confirming NAT Translations
 - Dynamic NAT-Define a Pool of Global IP Addresses to Be Allocated
 - Event Logging on Perimeter Routers
 - VPN, IPSec Encryption, and QoS Support
 - Configuring CBAC
 - Access List Violation Logs
 - Does the IOS Image Support Firewall and IPSec Features?
 - Set Audit Trails and Alerts
 - Securing Cisco Perimeter Routers Review
 - Cisco IOS Firewall Feature Summary
 - Set Global Timeouts and Thresholds
 - Securing Cisco Perimeter Routers Questions and Answers
 - Context-Based Access Control (CBAC)
 - Define Port-to-Application Mapping (PAM)
 - IOS Firewall Feature Set—CBAC
 - Quick Access List Review
 - Define Inspection Rules
 - Introduction to Cisco IOS Firewall
 - CBAC Advantages
 - Apply Inspection Rules and ACLs to an Interface
 - Router-Based Firewall Functionality
 - CBAC Limitations
 - Select the Interface
 - Rerouting Attacks
 - Integration with Cisco IOS Software
 - CBAC Process
 - Test and Verify
 - IOS Firewall Feature Set—CBAC Review
 - Performance Implications
 - IOS Firewall Feature Set—CBAC Questions and Answers
 - IOS IDS vs. Cisco Secure IDS
 - IOS Firewall—Intrusion Detection System
 - When to Choose the Cisco IOS Firewall IDS Features
 - Intrusion Detection System (IDS)
 - IOS Firewall Intrusion Detection System
 - Devices Supporting the IOS Firewall IDS Features
 - IOS Firewall Management
 - Cisco IDS Attack Signatures
 - Cisco Secure IDS Director Support
 - The ip audit po remote Command
 - Using ACLs with Named Audit Rules
 - Director vs. Logger Application
 - Disabling Individual Signatures
 - Multiple Routes to the Same Director
 - Using ACLs When Disabling Individual Signatures
 - Cisco IOS Firewall IDS Configuration Task List
 - Creating and Applying Audit Rules
 - Apply the Audit Rule to the Interface(s)
 - Initializing the IOS Firewall IDS
 - Creating an Audit Rule
 - Applying the Audit Name
 - Initializing the Post Office
 - Define Info Audit Actions
 - Define the Protected Networks
 - The ip audit notify Command
 - Define Attack Audit Actions
 - The ip audit po local Command
 - Create Named Audit Rules
 - Authentication Proxy Configuration Task List
 - The show ip audit configuration Command
 - User Profiles and Dynamic ACL Entries
 - The show ip audit interface Command
 - Idle Timer
 - The show ip audit all Command
 - Secure Authentication
 - Applying the Authentication Proxy
 - IOS Firewall—Intrusion Detection System Review
 - Comparison with the Lock-and-Key Feature
 - IOS Firewall—Intrusion Detection System Questions-Answers
 - Compatibility with Other Features
 - IOS Firewall—Authentication Proxy
 - Security Vulnerability Issues
 - Verifying the IDS Configuration
 - Cisco IOS Firewall Authentication Proxy
 - Before Configuring Authentication Proxy
 - The show ip audit statistics Command
 - How the Authentication Proxy Works
 - Define AAA Group Server (Optional)
 - AAA Server Configuration
 - Define Login Authentication Methods List
 - AAA Router Configuration
 - Enable Authorization Proxy (auth-proxy) for AAA
 - Enable AAA network
 - Activate Authentication Proxy Accounting
 - Define the Security Server
 - ACL Entry for Return Traffic from the AAA Server
 - Define the Security Server-
 - Define TACACS+ Server Key Option
 - Define the Security Server—RADIUS
 - Configuring the HTTP Server
 - The ip auth-proxy auth-proxy-banner Command
 - The ip auth-proxy name Command
 - The auth-proxy Interface Configuration
 - Authentication Proxy Configuration on the Router
 - The ip auth-proxy auth-cache-time Command
 - Verify Authentication Proxy Configuration
 - Clearing the auth-proxy Cache Displaying Dynamic ACL Entries
 - The debug Commands
 - CBAC Configuration
 - Other VPN Implementations
 - Cisco IOS Firewall Authentication Proxy Questions Answers
 - Why Use VPNs?
 - Cisco IOS IPSec Introduction
 - VPN Analogy
 - Cisco IOS Firewall Authentication Proxy Review
 - Virtual Private Networks 1
 - Remote–Access
 - Site to Site
 - Layer 2 VPNs
 - Layer 3 VPNs
 - Tunneling Protocols
 - Layer Two Forwarding (L2F) Protocol
 - Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
 - Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)
 - Authentication Header (AH)
 - IPSec Transforms and Transform Sets
 - Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
 - Transform Sets
 - Choosing Between AH and ESP
 - Other IPSec Encryption Standards
 - Transport Mode
 - Transport and Tunnel Mode
 - How IPSec Works
 - AH Transport and Tunnel Mode
 - IPSec Security Overview
 - ESP Transport and Tunnel Mode
 - Encryption Algorithm
 - Hashed Message Authentication Codes (HMAC)
 - Five Steps of IPSec Revisited
 - RSA Encryption Authentication
 - Cipher Text
 - HMAC-MD5-96
 - Step 1—Determine Interesting Traffic
 - CAs and Digital Certificates
 - Cryptography Types
 - HMAC-SHA-1-96
 - Step 2—IKE Phase One
 - Step 3—IKE Phase Two
 - Cisco IOS Cryptosystem Components
 - Encryption Alternatives
 - Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement (DH)
 - Main Mode
 - IPSec Data Transfer-Session Termination
 - How Encryption Works
 - Data-Link Layer network
 - Defining a DH Group
 - Aggressive Mode
 - Data
 - Network Layer network
 - Security Association (SA)
 - Peer Authentication
 - Key A key is a fixed-length digital sequence of characters used to scramble the source data
 - Application Layer
 - IKE SAs versus IPSec SAs
 - Preshared Key Authentication
 - Government Regulation
 - Hashing
 - IPSec Security Association (SA)
 - RSA Signature Authentication
 - Configure IPSec Encryption Tasks
 - Step 1-6 Ensure Access Control Lists Are Compatible with IPSec
 - Step 3-3 Configure Crypto ACLs
 - Crypto System Error Messages for ISAKMP
 - Task 1 Prepare for IKE and IPSec
 - Task 2 Configure IKE
 - Step 3-4 Configure Crypto Maps
 - Step 1-1 Identify IPSec Peers
 - Step 2-1 Enable or Disable IKE
 - Step 3-5 Apply the Crypto Maps to the Interface
 - Step 1-2 Determine the IKE (IKE Phase 1) Policies
 - Step 2-2 Create IKE Policies
 - Task 4 Test and Verify IPSec
 - IPSec Support in Cisco Systems Products
 - Develop the Parameter Preferences
 - Step 2-3 Configure Preshared Keys
 - Step 4-1 Display the Configured IKE Policies
 - Step 1-3 Determine the IPSec (IKE Phase 2) Policies
 - Task 3 Configure IPSec
 - Step 4-2 Display the Configured Transform Sets
 - Cisco IOS IPSec Introduction Questions-Answers
 - Step 1-4 Check the Current Configuration
 - Step 3-1 Configure Transform Set Suites
 - Step 4-3 Display the Current State of the IPSec SAs
 - Cisco IOS IPSec for Preshared Keys
 - Step 1-5 Ensure the Network Works Without Encryption
 - Step 3-2 Configure Global IPSec Security Association Lifetimes
 - Step 4-4 Display the Configured Crypto Maps
 -  Configuring IPSec Manually
 - Configuring IPSec Manually Is Not Recommended
 - Certificate Distribution
 - Task 2—Configure CA Support
 - Step 2–3 Configure the Router Host Name and Domain Name
 - Task 4—Configure IPSec
 - IPSec with CAs
 - Step 2–1 Manage the NVRAM Memory Usage (Optional)
 - Step 2–4 Generate a RSA Key Pair
 - Task 5—Test and Verify IPSec
 - Cisco IOS CA Standards
 - Step 2–2 Set the Router Time and Date
 - Step 2–5 Declare a CA
 - Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol (SCEP)
 - Network Time Protocol (NTP)
 - Step 2–6 Authenticate the CA
 - Cisco IOS IPSec for Preshared Keys Questions and Answers
 - CA Servers Interoperable with Cisco Routers
 - Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP)
 - Step 2–7 Request Your Own Certificate
 - Cisco IOS IPSec Certificate Authority Support
 - Enroll a Device with a CA
 - The clock timezone Command
 - Step 2–9 Monitor and Maintain CA Interoperability (Optional)
 - Cisco IOS IPSec for Preshared Keys Review
 - CA Support Overview
 - Configure CA Support Tasks
 - The clock set Command Setting the Hardware Clock
 - Step 2–10 Verify the CA Support Configuration
 - Digital Certificates
 - Task 1—Prepare for IKE and IPSec
 - Configuring Daylight Saving Time
 - Task 3—Configure IKE
 - RSA Encrypted Nonces Overview
 - Task 2—Configure RSA Keys
 - Cisco IOS IPSec Certificate Authority Support Questions Answers
 - Cisco IOS IPSec Certificate Authority Support Review
 - Cisco IOS Remote Access Using Cisco Easy VPN
 - Introduction to Cisco Easy VPN
 - Cisco Easy VPN Server
 - Client Connection Process
 - Cisco Easy VPN Remote
 - Cisco VPN 3.6 Client
 - Easy VPN Server Configuration Tasks
 - Preconfiguring the Cisco VPN 3.6 Client
 - Router MC v1.1 Enhanced VPN Features
 - Router MC Server Requirements
 - Router MC Client Requirements
 - Router MC User Permissions
 - Management Center for VPN Routers
 - Features and Benefits network
 - Router MC v1.1 Firewall Features
 - Cable DHCP Proxy Enhancement
 - Peer Host Name Enhancement
 - Proxy DNS Server Support
 - Simultaneous Easy VPN Client and Server Support
 - Easy VPN Remote Phase Two
 - Supported VPN Servers
 - Phase Two Features-Manual Tunnel Control
 - NAT Interoperability Support
 - Client Firewall Statistics
 - Cisco IOS Remote Access Using Cisco Easy VPN Review
 - Cisco IOS Remote Access Using Cisco Easy VPN Questions Answers
 - Cisco VPN Firewall Feature for VPN Client
 - The Central Policy Protection Feature
 - Firewall Rules
 - Client-Server Feature
 - Cisco VPN 3002 Client Devices
 - Cisco Products Enable a Secure VPN
 - Cisco VPN 3002 Client Models
 - Client and Network Extension Modes
 - Standards Supported
 - Cisco VPN 3002 Hardware Client Features
 - Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrator Devices
 - Standards Supported network
 - Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrator Models
 - Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrator Features
 - Cisco VPN 3005 Concentrator
 - VPN 3000 Concentrator Client Support
 - Cisco VPN 3015 Concentrator
 - Cisco VPN 3030 Concentrator
 - Cisco VPN 3060 Concentrator
 - Cisco VPN 3080 Concentrator
 - Side-by-Side Model Comparison
 - Cisco VPN Hardware Overview Review
 - Cisco VPN Hardware Overview Questions Answers
 - Command-Line Interface (CLI) Basics
 - Initial Configuration
 - Setting Group and User Defaults
 - Other Configuration Options
 - Concentrator Manager (Web Interface)
 - Setting the Public Interface
 - Setting IPSec Defaults
 - Configuration | Policy Management | Access Hours
 - Connecting to the Concentrator Manager
 - Defining the Default Gateway (Optional)
 - Setting Client Defaults
 - Configuration | System | IP Routing
 - Manager Organization
 - Verifying Configuration
 - Split Tunneling Policy
 - Remote Access Networks
 - Adding the Static Routes
 - Client Firewall Requirements
 - VPN Concentrator User Interfaces and Startup
 - LAN-to-LAN Networks
 - Define Inside Address Assignment Method
 - VPN 3002 Hardware Client Defaults
 - CLI Quick Configuration Steps
 - Remote Access VPNs with Preshared Keys
 - Define Inside Address Pool for Remote Users
 - Creating or Modifying Other Groups
 - Concentrator Manager Quick Configuration
 - Preshared Keys
 - Configuring Groups and Users
 - Creating or Modifying Users
 - Digital Certificates
 - VPN Concentrator and Certificates
 - Enrolling and Installing Certificates
 - Using SCEP to Manage Certificates
 - Using the Certificates
 - Configure Cisco VPN Client Support
 - VPN Client Autoinitiation Feature
 - Administer and Monitor Remote Access Networks
 - Cisco VPN 3000 Remote Access Networks Review
 - Cisco VPN 3000 Remote Access Networks Questions Answers
 - Common Configuration Tasks
 - Configuring Cisco VPN 3002 Remote Clients
 - The VPN 3002 in the Network
 - Configuring the 3002 Device
 - Change the Admin Password
 - Basic Configuration for the VPN 3002
 - Modifying Options
 - Set the System Time, Date, and Time Zone-Configure the Private Interface
 - Configuring the DHCP Server
 - Configure the Public Interface
 - Configure the IPSec
 - Choose Client (PAT) Mode or Network Extension Mode
 - Configure IPSec Backup Servers—VPN 3000 Concentrator
 - Delete with Reason
 - IPSec Server Load Balancing
 - Other VPN 3002 Software Features
 - H.323 Support in PAT Mode
 - Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol (SCEP)
 - Individual User Authentication
 - XML Management
 - LEAP Bypass
 - Reverse Route Injection (RRI)
 - IPSec Backup Servers
 - AES Support and Diffie-Hellman Group 5
 - Configure IPSec Backup Servers—VPN 3002 Client
 - Push Banner to VPN 3002
 - Auto-Update Feature
 - Configuring Cisco VPN 3002 Remote Clients Questions Answers
 - Configuring Cisco VPN 3002 Remote Clients Review
 - Adding a Tunnel
 - LAN-to-LAN Routing
 - LAN-to-LAN Networks with Digital Certificates
 - Cisco VPN 3000 LAN-to-LAN Networks Review
 - The VPN Concentrators in LAN-to-LAN VPNs
 - NAT Issues
 - Cisco VPN 3000 LAN-to-LAN Networks Questions Answers
 - Cisco VPN 3000 LAN-to-LAN Networks
 - NAT Transparency
 - LAN-to-LAN Networks with Preshared Keys
 - IPSec over TCP
 - Configure Network Lists
 - IPSec over NAT-T
 - Define the IKE Proposals (Optional)
 - IPSec over UDP
 - Create the Tunnel
 - LAN-to-LAN VPN with Overlapping Network Addresses
 - CiscoSecure PIX Firewalls
 - The logging Commands
 - Getting Started with the Cisco PIX Firewall
 - FTP and URL Logging
 - Basic PIX Firewall Configurations
 - Verifying and Monitoring Logging
 - ICMP Traffic to the Firewall
 - DHCP Server Configuration
 - Firewall and Firewall Security Systems
 - Time Setting and NTP Support
 - Configuring the DHCP Server Feature
 - CiscoSecure PIX Firewall Technology
 - How NTP Works
 - DHCP Client
 - Basic PIX Firewall Configuration
 - NTP and PIX Firewalls
 - Firewalls as a DHCP Client and Server
 - CiscoSecure PIX Firewalls questions answers
 - Syslog Configuration
 - Getting Started with the Cisco PIX Firewall Chapter Review
 - Access Through the PIX Firewall
 - Static Translations
 - Adaptive Security Algorithm
 - Network Address Translation
 - Security Levels
 - Port Address Translations (PAT)
 - Stateful System
 - Using NAT and PAT Together
 - Translations
 - Names and Name Commands
 - Connections
 - Configuring DNS Support
 - Translations and Connections
 - Getting Started with the Cisco PIX Firewall Questions and answers
 - Transport Protocols
 - Basic ACL Statements
 - ICMP ACL Statements
 - TurboACL
 - Downloadable ACLs
 - Content Filtering-ActiveX Blocking-Java Blocking-Websense Filtering
 - Object Grouping
 - Access Control Lists (ACLs)
 - Conduit Statements
 - Using Access Lists-Access-Group Statement
 - Access Through the PIX Firewall Review
 - Firewall Privilege Levels
 - Access Through the PIX Firewall Questions Answers
 - Advanced Protocol Handling
 - Advanced PIX Firewall Features
 - Application Inspection
 - Remote Access
 - The fixup protocol Command
 - Defining the AAA Server
 - Supported Applications and Protocols
 - Local User Database
 - Fixup Protocol Examples
 - Configuring AAA Features
 - Other Supported Protocols and Applications
 - PIX Routing Configuration
 - Command-Level Authorization
 - SNMP Community Key
 - Attack Guards
 - Enabling SNMP Traps
 - Intrusion Detection
 - Verify SNMP Configuration
 - Shunning
 - Logging to the SNMP Management Station
 - Managing SNMP Services
 - PIX Firewall SNMP Support
 - SNMP Contact and Location
 - SNMP Management Station
 - Advanced PIX Firewall Features Review
 - Advanced PIX Firewall Features Questions and answers
 - Task 1: Prepare to Configure VPN Support
 - Firewalls and VPN Features
 - Task 2: Configure IKE Parameters
 - Task 3: Configure IPSec Parameters
 - Cisco VPN Client
 - Scale PIX Firewall VPNs
 - PPPoE and the PIX Firewall
 - Pix Firewall Enables a Secure VPN
 - CiscoSecure PIX Firewalls Review
 - IPSec Configuration Tasks
 - Firewalls and VPN Features Questions and answers
 - PDM Overview
 - PDM Operating Requirements
 - Prepare for PDM
 - Installing PDM on a PIX Firewall
 - Starting PDM
 - Using the PDM Startup Wizard
 - Using PDM to Configure the PIX Firewall
 - Managing and Maintaining the PIX Firewall
 - Understanding Failover
 - Failover Configuration with Failover Cable
 - LAN-Based Failover Configuration
 - Verifying Failover Configuration
 - PIX Failover Feature
 - PIX Devices with a Floppy Drive
 - PIX Devices Without a Floppy Drive
 - Before Getting Started
 - Password Recovery
 - Attack Types
 - Attack Phases
 - Upgrading the PIX OS
 - Managing and Maintaining the PIX Firewall Review
 - Managing and Maintaining the PIX Firewall Questions Answers
 - Intrusion Detection System Overview
 - Security Threats
 - The Attack Types and Phases
 - Monitoring
 - Analyzing
 - Host- and Network-Based IDSs
 - Centralized Alarm Display and Management
 - IDS Triggers
 - Sensor Response
 - Intrusion Detection System Overview Summary
 - Intrusion Detection System Overview Questions and answers
 - Cisco Secure Intrusion Detection System
 - Intrusion Detection Systems Overview
 - CIDS Operations and Functionality
 - CIDS Software Architecture
 - CIDS Commands
 - CIDS Architecture
 - CIDS Directory Structure
 - CIDS Log Files
 - Cisco Secure Intrusion Detection System Review
 - Cisco Secure Intrusion Detection System Questions Answers
 - Sensor Installation and Configuration Overview
 - Sensor Deployment Considerations
 - Network Entry Points
 - Network Size and Complexity
 - The Amount and Type of Traffic
 - IDS Device Manager
 - Connecting to the IDS Device Manager
 - IDS Device Manager GUI Interface
 - Device Area Configuration
 - Configuration Area
 - Monitoring Area
 - Administration Area
 - Connecting to Your Network Sensor Appliance
 - Sensor Bootstrap
 - Signature Types
 - Sensor Installation and Configuration Review
 - Signature Severity
 - Sensor Installation and Configuration Questions and Answers
 - Signature and Alarm Management
 - CIDS Signatures
 - Signature Series
 - Signature Implementations
 - Sensor Installation
 - Signature Classes
 - Event Viewer
 - Managing Alarms
 - Event Viewer Customization
 - Preference Settings
 - Signature and Alarm Management Review Questions and Answers
 - Signature and Alarm Management Review
 - Cisco SAFE Implementation Questions and Answers
 - ICMP Access Lists
 - Access Control Lists Cisco
 - Named Access Lists
 - Access List Basics
 - Standard Access Lists
 - Cisco SAFE Implementation
 - Verifying ACLs
 - Preparation Documents
 - Extended Access Lists
 - Exam Topics
 - TCP Access Lists
 - Skills Required for the Exam
 - UDP Access Lists

category: Cisco IP Routing Protocols
 - Troubleshooting Problems on the Network Layer
 - Internet Layer
 - Data-Link Layer
 - Troubleshooting Problems on Data-Link Layer
 - The Layered Architecture of the TCP/IP Model
 - The Layered Architecture of the OSI Model
 - Application Layer
 - Application Layer
 - The Layered Troubleshooting Approach
 - Mapping the TCP/IP and OSI Models
 - Network Layer
 - Using the Layered Approach
 - Transport Layer
 - Troubleshooting Problems on the Physical Layer
 - Session Layer
 - Troubleshooting Problems on the Application Layer
 - Transport Layer
 - Presentation Layer
 - Troubleshooting Problems on the Transport Layer
 - Network Access Layer
 - Physical Layer
 - Challenges and Issues of Complex Networks

category: CCNP CCIE Complete
 - The Advantages of NAT
 - NAT overloading inside global IP addresses
 - Configuring NAT Using Overloading
 - Scalability Limitations of Link-State Routing Protocols
 - IGRP Redistribution
 - Routing Tables
 - Enhanced Interior Gateway
 - Link-State Routing
 - An IP frame showing the protocol type to be EIGRP
 - Reaching the Destination
 - Routing Protocol Information
 - Testing and Troubleshooting Routes
 - Reserved IP Addresses
 - Number of IP Addresses
 - Valid Addresses for Server Farm Segment in Figure 2.2
 - Route Summarization Example 1
 - IP Unnumbered
 - IPv6 global unicast address format
 - IPv6 Multicast Address
 - The Disadvantages of NAT
 - Using TCP Load Distribution
 - Configuring TCP Load Distribution
 - Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
 - IGRP redistribution example
 - Populating the Routing Table
 - Route Tagging
 - Link-State Comparisons
 - Diffusing Update Algorithm
 - Convergence
 - Viewing Neighbor Information
 - Traceroute
 - Class A Addresses
 - Maximum Number of Hosts Bits in Subnet Mask Subnet Mask
 - Valid IP Addresses for All Four Segments Used in Figure 2.2
 - IP Network Address Binary Equivalent
 - IP Helper Address
 - Converting a MAC address to an EUI-64 address
 - Network Address Translation
 - NAT Traffic Types
 - load distribution steps
 - Configuring NAT for Overlapping Addresses
 - IGRP Features and Operation
 - Automatic redistribution example
 - Statically Defined Routes
 - Neighbor Relationships
 - Link-State Comparisons
 - EIGRP Metrics
 - RIP Convergence
 - Viewing EIGRP Packets
 - IP Addressing
 - Class B Addresses
 - Number of Hosts Needed in Figure 2.2
 - Valid IP Addresses for All Four Segments Used in Figure 2.2
 - Route Summarization Example 2
 - Decimal-to-Binary Conversion Chart
 - Link-local unicast address
 - Understanding Network,Address Translation
 - Unsupported Traffic Types
 - Overlapping Networks
 - Verifying and Troubleshooting the NAT Configuration
 - IGRP Features
 - IGRP Configuration The basic configuration of IGRP is very straightforward
 - Distance-Vector Routing
 - Route Calculation
 - Classful Routing
 - EIGRP Tuning
 - IGRP Convergence
 - OSPF Operation in a Single Area
 - Review of IPv4 Addressing
 - Class C Addresses
 - Description of Segment
 - Discontiguous networking example
 - Route Summarization Example 3This example will show you how to summarize 172
 - An Overview of IPv6 Addressing
 - Link-local unicast address
 - NAT Terminology
 - NAT Operations
 - NAT translating overlapping addresses
 - Commands to Clear the NAT Table
 - IGRP Timers
 - IGRP configuration example
 - Distance-Vector Comparisons
 - Redundant Link Calculation
 - Classless Routing
 - Redistribution for EIGRP
 - EIGRP Convergence
 - IP Terminology
 - Extending IP Addresses
 - Networks, Hosts, and Subnets for Figure 2.2
 - Cisco and CIDR
 - Route Summarization Example 4
 - Decimal-to-Binary Chart
 - IPv4-Compatible IPv6 Address
 - The Elusive Terminology of NAT
 - Translating Inside Local Addresses
 - Configuring NAT
 - IGRP and EIGRP
 - IGRP Metrics
 - Verifying and Troubleshooting IGRP
 - Distance-Vector Comparisons (continued)
 - The best-route selection process
 - The Final Decision on What Routes Populate the Routing Table
 - Configuring EIGRP
 - Link-State Convergence
 - The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme
 - IP address example
 - Networks, Hosts, and Subnets for Figure 2.2
 - Classless Interdomain Routing
 - Route Summarization Example 5
 - IPv6 Address Format
 - IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Address
 - How NAT Works
 - The process of translating inside local addresses
 - Configuring Static NAT
 - Scalability Features of Routing Protocols
 - Metric Association of K-Values
 - Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI), Routing Principles
 - Route Information
 - ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL (RIP)
 - Topology Table Information
 - Default Administrative Distance
 - Verifying and Troubleshooting EIGRP
 - Verifying and Testing a Route
 - Network Addressing
 - Variable-Length Subnet Masks
 - IP Address Range for Switched Subnet in Figure 2.2
 - Route Summarization
 - Design Considerations for Route Summarization
 - IPv6 Address Types
 - Unspecified Address
 - Which Camp Are You From?
 - Overloading Inside Global Addresses
 - Configuring Dynamic NAT
 - Distance-Vector Protocol Scalability Issues
 - Load Balancing
 - Components of Routing Data
 - Viewing Route Updates
 - RIP Migration
 - Updates and Changes
 - Default Administrative Distance (continued)
 - Route Information
 - Verifying Routes
 - The Three Classes of IP Addresses Used in Networks Today
 - VLSM design example
 - Valid Addresses for Ethernet Segment in Figure 2.2
 - Route summarization
 - Discontiguous networking example,IP Addressing
 - Global Unicast Address
 - IPv6 Anycast Address
 - NAT inside/outside and local/global relationship
 - Configuring OSPF for a Stub Area
 - Configuring OSPF for a Not-So-Stubby Area
 - Viewing OSPF Packets
 - Network Entity Titles
 - LSP Flooding
 - Routing Protocol Information
 - OSPF Hello Packet Information
 - LSA updates and flooding
 - Non-Broadcast
 - Configuring OSPF—Single Area
 - show ip ospf database
 - Router roles
 - RouterB
 - Totally Stubby Area Configuration
 - OSPF Virtual Links
 - Integrated IS-IS
 - Network entity title formats
 - SPF Algorithm
 - Viewing Neighbor Information
 - Neighbor States
 - LSA Acknowledgment and Validation
 - Point-to-Point
 - OSPF area topology
 - show ip ospf interface
 - Link-State Advertisements
 - RouterC
 - Router B
 - OSPF virtual link
 - Integrated Intermediate System to Intermediate System
 - Neighbor and Adjacency Initialization
 - Network Types
 - Viewing SPF Information
 - OSPF peer initialization
 - SPF Tree Calculation
 - Point-to-Multipoint
 - Configuring OSPF—Single Area (NBMA Environment)
 - show ip ospf neighbor
 - LSA Types
 - Configuring Multi-Area OSPF
 - Router C
 - Verifying and Troubleshooting OSPF
 - Integrated IS-IS Operation
 - Designated Router
 - Configuring IS-IS
 - Border Gateway Protocol
 - Adjacency Requirements
 - NBMA Overview
 - Point-to-point vs. point-to-multipoint
 - Broadcast Configuration
 - Interconnecting OSPF Areas
 - OSPF Area Types
 - Stub Area Configuration
 - Router D
 - Route Information
 - IS-IS Terminology
 - IS-IS PDUs
 - Multiple area IS-IS network
 - Open Shortest Path First
 - OSPF adjacencies for multi-access networks
 - NBMA Environments
 - Configuring OSPF
 - RouterC(config) Point-to-Multipoint
 - OSPF Scalability
 - Stub area
 - OPSF configuration
 - Configuring OSPF for a Totally Stubby Area
 - Link-State Database Information
 - IS-IS Areas
 - Hello PDU
 - Verifying and Troubleshooting IS-IS
 - OSPF Terminology
 - DR and BDR Election Procedure
 - Network Types
 - Discovering the Network with OSPF
 - Verifying OSPF Configuration
 - OSPF areas
 - Basic Multi-Area Configuration
 - Router B
 - Not-So-Stubby Area Configuration
 - Routing Protocol Information
 - OSPF areas
 - Link-State PDU (LSP)
 - Route Information Gateway
 - OSPF Operation
 - LSA Flooding
 - Broadcast
 - Point-to-Point
 - OSPF show Commands
 - Categories of Multi-Area Components
 - Sample multi-area configuration
 - Router C
 - OPSF configuration
 - Viewing Neighbor Information
 - IS-IS areas
 - Sequence Number PDU (SNP)
 - Link-State Database Information
 - Neighbor and Adjacency Initialization
 - LSA Update Multicast Addresses
 - NBMA broadcast implementation
 - Broadcast
 - show ip ospf
 - OSPF Router Roles
 - RouterA
 - Router D
 - Message Header Format
 - BGP Identifier
 - Unfeasible Routes Length Field
 - NOTIFICATION Message
 - OpenConfirm
 - Transit AS
 - Basic BGP implementation
 - Redistributing Routes into BGP
 - Route Reflection
 - Message header format
 - Optional Parameters Length
 - IP address prefix formats
 - Error Codes and Related Error Sub-codes
 - Established state
 - Transit and stub ASs
 - iBGP and eBGP Configuration
 - FIGURE 8 . 1 6 Redistributing routes into BGP
 - Non–fully meshed iBGP
 - Type Field Values
 - Optional Parameters
 - Total Path Attributes Length Field
 - Neighbor Negotiation
 - Route Selection
 - Stub AS
 - iBGP and eBGP network
 - Verifying and Troubleshootingh
 - OPEN Message
 - Optional Parameters field format
 - Path Attributes Field
 - Finite State Machine
 - Routing Information Bases
 - no synchronization
 - eBGP Multihop Configuration
 - Route Information
 - Border Gateway Protocol
 - OPEN message format
 - UPDATE message format
 - Attribute Type Code
 - Idle state
 - BGP route processing
 - Route Aggregation
 - eBGP multihop
 - Viewing Neighbor Information
 - BGP Terminology
 - Version
 - Unfeasible Routes Length Field
 - Attribute Type Codes
 - Connect state
 - Decision Process
 - When and When Not to Use BGP
 - Injecting Routes into BGP
 - Debugging BGP Information
 - BGP Operation
 - My Autonomous System
 - Withdrawn Routes Field
 - Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI) Field
 - Active state
 - Route Filtering
 - Configuring BGP
 - Manually Injecting Routes into BGP
 - Advanced Border Gateway Protocol
 - Multiple autonomous systems
 - Hold Time
 - Unfeasible Routes Length Field
 - KEEPALIVE Message
 - OpenSent state
 - BGP Synchronization
 - Minimal BGP Configuration
 - Manually injecting routes into BGP
 - Overcoming Scalability Limitations of iBGP
 - Peer Groups
 - Access Groups
 - Verifying and Troubleshooting
 - Redistribution into IGRP
 -  RIP
 - Summarization solution
 - Configuring confederations
 - BGP Filters
 - Peer groups
 - Access groups
 - Debugging policy-based routing
 - EIGRP
 - IGRP
 - Filtering with Redistribution
 - Distribute Lists
 - Peer group configuration
 - Distribute Lists
 - Redistribution
 - OSPF
 -  EIGRP
 - Filtering during redistribution
 - Route reflection
 - Distribute list
 - Multi-homing
 - IGP distribute list
 - Classless to Classful Redistribution
 - OSPF redistribution
 -  OSPF
 - Summarization
 - Configuring Route Reflection for iBGP
 - Prefix Lists
 - Resolving Next-Hop Issues
 - Source-Based Policies
 - Filtering with Redistribution
 - IS-IS
 -  IS-IS
 - Basic route reflection
 - Prefix lists
 - Route Aggregation
 - Type of Traffic Policies
 - Configuring Redistribution
 - IS-IS redistribution
 - Static Routes
 - Multiple route reflector cluster
 - Route Maps
 - Route Optimization
 - Type of Service Policies
 - RIP
 - Connected Interfaces, Static Routes, and Default Routes
 - Default Routes
 - Confederations
 - Communities
 - Filtering
 - Type of service policies
 - Redistribution into RIP
 - Connected Interfaces
 - Classless to Classful Redistribution
 - Configuring Confederations
 - Enterprise Composite Module
 - Three-layer campus hierarchy
 - Core Layer for the Campus Network
 - EIGRP
 - Looking Back at Traditional
 - Introducing the New Campus Model
 - OSI Encapsulation
 - The Cisco hierarchical model
 - Applying the Building Blocks
 - Blocks Supported by Routing Protocols
 - Scaling Layer 2 Backbones
 - Enterprise SAFE block diagram
 - Access Layer for the Campus Network
 - IP Address Assignment
 - EIGRP summarization
 - Performance Problems and Solutions
 - Network Services
 - Layer 2 Switching
 - Core Layer
 - Switch Block
 - Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
 - Cisco’s opinion
 - Sample network
 - Integrated Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)
 - Understanding Broadcast Effects
 - Remote Services
 - Limitations of Layer 2 Switching
 - Distribution Layer
 - Switch Block Size
 - Scaling Layer 3 Backbones
 - Local VLANs Finance Sales Sales Finance Support Sales Support
 - West region network
 - IS-IS summarization
 - The 80/20 Rule
 - Enterprise Services
 - Routing
 - Access Layer
 - Core Block
 - Fast Convergence
 - Design Considerations
 - Distribution Layer
 - Wyoming network
 - BGPv4
 - The New 20/80 Rule
 - Using Switching Technologies
 - Layer 3 Switching
 - Using Cisco Catalyst Products
 - The core block
 - Automatic Load Balancing
 - Three-Layer Hierarchical Design Model
 - Distribution Layer for the Campus Network
 - Considering Routing Protocols
 - Building Cisco Multilayer Switched Networks (BCMSN)
 - A 20/80 network
 - Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
 - Layer 4 Switching
 - Access Layer Switches
 - Collapsed core
 - Elimination of Peering Problems
 - Access Layer
 - Core Layer
 - OSPF
 - The Campus Network
 - Virtual LANs
 - Data Encapsulation
 - Multilayer Switching (MLS)
 - Distribution Layer Switches
 - Dual Core
 - SAFE
 - Access Layer for the WAN Network
 - Core Layer for the WAN Network
 - OSPF summarization
 - Understanding Campus Internetworks
 - VLANs break up broadcast domains
 - Data encapsulation at each layer of the OSI reference model
 - Understanding the Cisco
 - Core Layer Switches
 - Core Size
 - Using FastEthernet at All Three Layers
 - Using Gigabit Ethernet in the Enterprise
 - Connecting to the Console Port
 - Setting the Host Name
 - 2950 and 3550 Switches
 - IEEE Specifications for FastEthernet
 - Protocol Architecture
 - Connecting to an Ethernet Port
 - 2950 and 3550 Switches
 - Configuring the Port Speed and Duplex
 - Connecting the Switch Block
 - Media Independent Interface (MII)
 - Comparing 10BaseT, FastEthernet, and Gigabit Ethernet
 - 4000 Switch Startup
 - 4000 Series Set-Based Switch
 - Verifying Connectivity
 - Understanding Cable Media
 - Full-Duplex Ethernet and FastEthernet
 - Time Slots
 - 2950 Switch Startup
 - 2950 and 3550 Switches
 - 2950 and 3550 Switches
 - The Background of IEEE Ethernet
 - Using Full-Duplex Ethernet in the Distribution Layer
 - Comparison of Gigabit Ethernet Technologies
 - Cisco IOS- and Set-Based Commands
 - Identifying Switch Interfaces
 - LAN Segmentation Using Switches
 - Auto-Negotiation
 - Connecting and Logging In to a Switch
 - Setting the Passwords
 - 4000 Series Set-Based Switch
 - 10BaseT
 - Comparison of FastEthernet Technologies
 - Jumbo Frames
 - 4000 Series Set-Based Switch
 - 2950 and 3550 Switches
 - FastEthernet
 - Gigabit Ethernet
 - Cabling the Switch Block Devices
 - 2950 and 3550 Switches
 - 4000 Series Set-Based Switch
 - Security
 - Assigning VLAN Memberships
 - VLAN Identification Methods
 - 4000 Series
 - Transparent
 - Configuring the Domain
 - Flexibility and Scalability
 - Static VLANs
 - Inter-Switch Link Protocol (ISL)
 - 2950 and 3550 Series Switches
 - VTP Advertisements
 - Verifying the VTP Configuration
 - The Collapsed Backbone and the VLAN
 - Dynamic VLANs
 - Standard for Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks (IEEE 802.1Q)
 - Verifying Trunk Links
 - VTP advertisement content
 - 4000 Series
 - Switches remove the physical boundary
 - Configuring Static VLANs
 - Trunking
 - Using VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP)
 - Management domain name
 - 2950 and 3550 Series Switches
 - VLANs, Trunks, and VTP
 - Scaling the Switch Block
 - Catalyst 4000 Series
 - Configuring Trunk Ports
 - VTP Modes of Operation
 - Subset Advertisements
 - Adding to a VTP Domain
 - Understanding the Design Benefits of Virtual LANs
 - Defining VLAN Boundaries
 - Catalyst 2950 and 3550 Series
 - 4000 Switch
 - The Threat of High Revision Numbers
 - Configuring VTP
 - VTP Pruning
 - A flat network structure
 - End-to-End VLANs
 - Identifying VLANs
 - 2950 and 3550 Series
 - Server
 - Configuring the VTP Version
 - Auxiliary VLANs
 - Broadcast Control
 - Local VLANs
 - Frame Tagging
 - Clearing VLANs from Trunk Links
 - Client
 - Configuring the VTP Mode
 - 802.1Q Tunneling
 - Layer 2 Switching and the Spanning Tree
 - Layer 2 LAN Switching
 - Comparing Bridges to Switches
 - Spanning tree example
 - Loop Avoidance
 - Selecting the Root Port
 - LAN Switch Types
 - Broadcast Storms
 - STP Link Cost
 - Selecting the Designated Port
 - Store-and-Forward
 - Three Switch Functions at Layer 2
 - Multiple Frame Copies
 - Spanning Tree Port States
 - Cut-Through (Real Time)
 - MAC Table Instability
 - STP default timers
 - FragmentFree (Modified Cut-Through)
 - Address Learning
 - Spanning Tree Operation
 - Convergence
 - Configuring Spanning Tree
 - How switches learn hosts’ locations
 - Selecting the Best Path
 - Sizing the Network
 - Detecting Loops
 - Forwarding/Filtering Decision
 - Selecting the Root Bridge
 - Spanning Tree Example
 - Bridge ID priority 542
 - Broadcast and Multicast Frames
 - BPDUs
 - Using Spanning Tree with VLANs
 - Configuring the Root
 - Creating VLAN Standards
 - set spantree root Parameters 550
 - Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST)
 - Common Spanning Tree (CST)
 - Per-VLAN Spanning Tree-
 - Multiple Spanning Tree (MST)
 - Scaling the Spanning Tree Protocol
 - Determining the Root
 - Modifications to EtherChannel
 - PortFast
 - Parallel Fast EtherChannel Links
 - Configuring PortFast
 - When a Root Isn’t the Root
 - EtherChannel Guidelines
 - PortFast and BPDUs
 - Setting the Port Cost
 - Configuring EtherChannel
 - UplinkFast
 - Setting the Port Priority
 - Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP)
 - Configuring UplinkFast 573
 - Prioritizing traffic by VLAN
 - Load Balancing and Redundancy
 - Changing the STP Timers
 - Load Balancing
 - Using Redundant Links with STP
 - Redundancy
 - BackboneFast
 - Configuring and Verifying BackboneFast
 - Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol 578
 - Inter-VLAN Routing THE CCNP EXAM TOPICS COVERED IN THIS
 - Internal Routing on an IOS-Based Switch
 - Routing Between VLANs
 - Using ISL and 802.1Q Routing
 - ISL Network Cards
 - Configuring ISL/802.1Q with an External Router
 - Multiple Links
 - Configuring ISL/802.1Q on an Internal Route Processor
 - Routers with multiple links
 - Configuring VLANs on an Internal Route Processor
 - A Single Trunk Link
 - Assigning MAC Addresses to VLAN Interfaces
 - Single trunk link for all VLANs
 - Defining a Default Gateway
 - An Internal Route Processor
 - Configuring Internal Routing on an IOS-Based Switch 594
 - Multilayer Switching
 - Identification of candidate packets
 - Cache Entry Exists
 - The Right Way to Disable MLS
 - Interface Configurations
 - Source-Destination-IP
 - Using Acceptable MLS Topologies
 - The CEF Forwarding Process
 - Understanding the Fundamentals of MLS
 - Identification of enable packets
 - No Cache Entry
 - The Wrong Way to Disable MLS
 - MSA Management Interface
 - IP-Flow
 - Multilayer Switching (MLS)
 - Configuring CEF 626
 - Router-on-a-stick diagram
 - Layer 3 switching of subsequent flow packets
 - Candidate packet
 - Configuring MLS-RP
 - Verifying the MLS Configuration
 - Using Cache Entries
 - Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF)
 - Large Packet Streams
 - MLSP Discovery
 - Identifying Enable Packets
 - Enabling MLS
 - Access Control Lists (ACLs)
 - Modifying the Cache Aging Time
 - The Trouble with CEF and Layer 3 Switching
 - MLS Requirements
 - XTAGs MLSP discovery
 - Frame Modification
 - VTP Domain Assignments
 - Configuring the MLS Switch Engine
 - Modifying Fast Aging Time
 - Legacy Routing and Layer 3 Switching
 - MLS Procedures
 - MLS Cache
 - Enable packet
 - Verifying the VTP Domain
 - Enabling MLS on the MLS-SE
 - Verifying the Configuration
 - Process Switching
 - MLS example topology
 - Identifying Candidate Packets
 - Subsequent Packets
 - VTP Interface Configuration
 - Configuring Flow Masks
 - Displaying the MLS Cache Entries
 - Fast Switching
 - MLSP discovery
 - Destination Other Than the MLS-RP
 - Disabling MLS
 - VLAN Assignments
 - Destination-IP
 - Removing MLS Cache Entries
 - Optimum Switching
 - Multicast is a different
 - Multicast communication
 - Understanding and Configuring Multicast Operation
 - Using Multicast Addressing
 - Multicast Overview
 - IP Multicast Reserved Addresses
 - Unicast
 - multiple IP routers
 - Unicast communication
 - Mapping IP Multicast to Ethernet
 - Broadcast
 - IP multicast mapped to MAC multicast 635
 - Broadcast message on a network
 - Multicast addressing overlap
 - Leave Process
 - Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP)
 - Source Trees
 - Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF)
 - Intra-Area and Inter-Area MOSPF
 - CBT data distribution
 - Enabling IP Multicast Routing
 - Manual RP Configuration
 - Changing the IGMP Version
 - Managing Multicast in an Internetwork
 - Internet Group Management Protocol Version 2 (IGMPv2)
 - Multicast Design
 - Source tree forwarding
 - Time to Live (TTL)
 - PIM DM
 - PIM SM
 - Enabling PIM on an Interface
 - Auto-RP Configuration
 - Enabling CGMP and IGMP Snooping
 - Subscribing and Maintaining Groups
 - General and Group-Specific Query Processes
 - CGMP Join
 - Shared Trees
 - TTL threshold utilization
 - PIM DM flooding
 - PIM SM pruning
 - IP PIM Dense Mode
 - Designating a Default RP
 - CGMP Router Configuration
 - Internet Group Management Protocol Version 1 (IGMPv1)
 - IGMPv2 Leave Process
 - Host Management
 - Shared tree forwarding
 - Routing Protocols
 - PIM DM pruning
 - Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)
 - IP PIM Configuration Options
 - Advertising RP Group Assignments
 - Catalyst Switch Configuration
 - Membership Query Process
 - IGMPv2 Leave process
 - IGMP Snooping
 - Unidirectional Shared Tree Distribution
 - Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)
 - Sparse Mode Routing Protocols
 - Source-Specific Multicasting (SSM)
 - IP PIM Sparse Mode
 - Configuring the RP Mapping Agent
 - IGMP Snooping
 - IGMPv1 Query process
 - Internet Group Management Protocol Version 3 (IGMPv3)
 - Multicast and Spanning Tree
 - Bidirectional Shared Tree Distribution
 - DVMRP tunnels
 - Core-Based Trees
 - Planning and Preparing for Using IP Multicast
 - IP PIM Sparse-Dense Mode
 - Configuring TTL
 - The Fast-Leave Trap 678
 - Join Process
 - Membership Query
 - Routing Multicast Traffic
 - Bidirectional shared tree
 - Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF)
 - PIM DM grafting
 - End-to-End IP Multicast
 - Interface Activation Criteria for Sparse-Dense-Mode Interfaces
 - Joining a Multicast Group
 - Layer 3 to Layer 2 Overlap
 - Unsolicited join requests
 - Membership Report
 - Distribution Trees
 - Managing Multicast Delivery
 - Intra-Area MOSPF
 - CBT data distribution
 - Configuring IP Multicast Routing
 - Configuring a Rendezvous Point
 - Troubleshooting IP Multicast Connectivity
 - E-mail application fragments
 - WWW Traffic
 - Voice over Ethernet
 - Understanding the Fundamentals of QoS
 - Best Efforts Networks
 - Connection-Oriented Transport 685
 - Quality of Service (QoS)
 - Understanding Application Needs
 - Common Problems in Best Efforts Networks
 - Simple Delay
 - Jitter
 - Packet Loss
 - QoS Options
 - The Differentiated Services Model 688
 - Connectionless Transport
 - Streaming Transport
 - cisco
 - IEEE 802.1p
 - Applying the QoS Model
 - Prioritizing Traffic Classes 692
 - The Differentiated Services Model
 - Configured QoS
 - Auto-QoS
 - 4000 Series Switches
 - Queuing Mechanisms
 - Queuing Mechanisms
 - Priority Queuing 701
 - Auto-QoS
 - Configuring QoS on Cisco Switches
 - 2950 Series Switches
 - 3550 Series Switches
 - Hot Standby Router Protocol
 - Configuring SLB
 - HSRP Operation
 - SLB Stateful Backup
 - HSRP accost process
 - Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
 - Interface Tracking
 - Gateway Load Balancing Protocol
 - Multiple HSRP Groups
 - Active Aperture Selection
 - we..
 - Configuring HSRP
 - Custom Queuing
 - HSRP in Action at the ISP Edge
 - Redundancy in Switched Networks
 - Server Load Balancing
 - cisco cisco
 - ciscoo
 - I
 - happy year cisco
 - Switch Architectonics and Components
 - Addressing
 - Non-blocking Switches
 - Prioritization, Redundancy, and Failover
 - Switch Fabrics
 - Load-Balancing
 - Bus Switching Fabric
 - Configuring GLBP
 - Shared Anamnesis Switching Fabric
 - Transparent Ethernet
 - Crossbar Switching Fabric
 - Catalyst Switch Technologies
 - Bridging Table Operation
 - The Switching Process
 - Content Addressable Memory (CAM) 714
 - 3550 Series Switches
 - 2950 Series Switches
 - 2950 Series Software
 - Particle buffers
 - System Testing
 - Standard Image IOS
 - Software
 - The Cisco Cluster Management Suite (CMS)
 - Enhanced Image IOS
 - Memory
 - Debugging
 - 4000 and 6500 Series Software
 - Rings
 - Debugging, Management, and System Testing
 - CatOS/IOS Hybrids
 - Contiguous Buffers
 - 6500 Series Switches
 - Native IOS
 - 4000 Series Switches
 - Switches: The Current Range
 - Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM)
 - WAN Connection Types
 - Remote Access
 -  Frame Relay
 - X.25
 - Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
 - Cisco Solutions for Remote Access
 - Asynchronous Dial-Up
 - Cable Modems
 - Leased Lines
 - Summarizing WAN Connection Technologies
 - Digital Subscriber Line
 - WAN Encapsulation Protocols
 - Wireless and Cellular
 - New WAN Connection Technologies
 - Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
 - Cost Comparison of WAN Technologies
 - Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
 - Bandwidth Comparison of WAN Technologies
 - Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
 - Worldwide Availability of WAN Technologies
 - Cost
 - High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
 - Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
 - Selecting a WAN Protocol
 - Availability
 - Manageability Comparison of WAN Technologies
 - Bandwidth
 - Remote Access in the Field: Manageability
 - Frame Relayy
 - Manageability
 - The X.25 Protocol
 - Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
 - The Cisco 1600 Platform
 - Frame Relays
 - Internetworking Overview and Remote Access Interface Options
 - Choosing Remote Connection Cisco Products
 - Applications in Use
 - The 1000 Series
 - The Cisco 1700 Platform
 - Identifying Company Site Equipment
 - Cabling and Assembling the WAN
 - Reliability Comparison of WAN Technologies
 - The 800 Series
 - The Cisco 1800 Platform
 - Central Site
 - Product Selection Tools
 - Reliability
 - Product Selection and Outsourcing
 - The Cisco 2500 Platform
 - The Cisco 3600 Platform
 - Quality of Service (QoS)
 - The Cisco 2600XM Platform
 - The Cisco 3700 Platform
 - ISDN BRI
 - Modular Interfaces
 - Telecommuter
 - The Cisco AS5x00 Platform
 - ISDN PRI (North America)
 - Remote Access in the Field: Outsourcing Remote Access Solutions
 - Fixed Interfaces
 - The 700 Series
 - The Cisco 7000/7200/7500 Platforms
 - ISDN PRI (Europe)
 - Securty
 - Cisco 700 Series Platform Features
 - Remote Branch
 - Asynchronous or Analog Connections
 - Remote Access with Modems
 - The 3640 router front view
 - Asynchronous Connections
 - Configuring Asynchronous Modem Connections
 - Understanding Asynchronous Modems
 - Error Correction
 - Verifying the Telecommuter Installation
 - Verifying a Network Installation
 - Data Compression
 - The Cisco 766 LEDs
 - Modulation Standards
 - Verifying the Remote Branch
 - DTE-to-DCE Signaling
 - The Cisco 1600 LEDs
 - Signaling and Cabling
 - Verifying the Central Site
 - Commands for Automatic Configuration
 - Automatic Configuration
 - The modemcap edit Command
 - The Information Field
 - PPP Overview and Architecture
 - The Frame Check Sequence (FCS) Field
 - Point-to-Point Protocol
 - PPP Assigned Protocol Fields
 - Asynchronous Router Commands
 - The Protocol Field
 - The Control Field
 - Manual Configuration
 - The Address Field
 - Common AT Commands
 - Dedicated or Interactive PPP
 - The Flag Field
 - Configuring PPP
 - RFCs for Remote Access Networks
 - Verifying and Troubleshooting the Automatic Configuration
 - Configuring Access Servers
 - How DHCP Works
 - Configuring Dynamic Addressing
 - Interface Addressing Options for Local Devices

category: Cisco Computer Networking
 - The Equivalent of Asphalt: Cables
 - PCs Using Different Pairs (Lanes) to Send Data
 - LAN-Legal Data: An Ethernet Frame
 - Stopping at the Destination: What Happens When Someone Comes to See You
 - Two Standards for Ethernet
 - Fred Sending to Barney, While Betty Sends to Wilma
 - Switches: The Rest of the Story
 - I Feel the Need, the Need for Speed
 - Autonegotiation with 10/100 Cards
 - Three Blind MenThe Server Guy, the Cabling Guy, and the Network Guy
 - Two Physical LANs: Broadcasts Do Not Leave the Originating LAN
 - Web Browsing
 - OSI Layer 8 Issues
 - Building a Network: It All Starts with a Plan
 - Tale of Two Trunking Protocols
 - A Simple Protocol for Error Recovery
 - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 - How to Eat an Elephant, TCP/IP Style
 - What's a Local-Area Network?
 - Typical LAN Cable
 - Sharing the Local Roadway: Ethernet Hubs
 - Ethernet Frame Sent from Bob to Larry
 - Are They Coming to Our House or the Neighbor's House?
 - IEEE Ethernet Headers and Trailers
 - The Perfect Roadway: No Wrecks Allowed!
 - Painting the Road Signs:Learning MAC Addresses
 - A New, Improved, and Faster EthernetLet's Call It Fast Ethernet
 - Adding Local (Network) Roadways for No Extra Money
 - Different Types of Traditional Computer Networks
 - No Forwarding Between the Two Physical LANs
 - Web Browsers and Web Pages on the Internet
 - OSI Layer 3 Design Goals
 - Conforming to the Rules
 - Shipping and Logistics: Commerce Using the (Network) Roadways
 - The Book(s) of Rules, Networking model
 - TCP Error Recovery
 - Four-Layer TCP/IP Network Model
 - Components of a Simple LAN
 - Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cabling
 - Ethernet Hub Repeats Everything It Hears
 - Driving Where I Want and When I Want Is Pretty Cool
 - How Bob Decides the Frame Was Sent to Him
 - Reducing Congestion and Driving Faster on the Local (Network) Roadway
 - Potential Collision When Forwarding Multiple Frames onto the Same Pair
 - Learning by ListeningA Great Life Lesson
 - If Fast Ethernet Is Good, Even Faster Is Better: Gigabit Ethernet
 - The Physical Reality Precedes the Virtual Reality
 - Big Company, Multiple Sites: An Enterprise WAN
 - Virtual (LAN) Reality: One Switch, but Multiple LANs
 - Web Page
 - Saving Cash
 - Rules, Schmools for Networking
 - Proprietary Network Models Prevent Pervasive Population of Networking Devices
 - Internet Protocol (IP)
 - How to Eat a T-Rex, OSI Style
 - Transmitting Bits Across the Local Network Roadway
 - Painting the Lines on the Road: Connectors
 - Hubs Use Straight-Through Cabling to PCs
 - Why Wrecks (Collisions) Happen on Ethernet
 - Binary Numbers and Their Hex Equivalents
 - Reducing Congestion by Opening Up More Lanes on Each LAN
 - Switch Avoids Collisions by Buffering the Frames
 - The Forward Versus Filter Decision
 - Ultra Super-Fast Fast Ethernet: 10 Gigabit Ethernet
 - Physical LANs: It's All About Broadcasts
 - Just You and Me and the Whole WorldThe Internet
 - How to Create a Virtual LAN
 - Electronic Mail (E-Mail)
 - Packing Your VLAN's Frames in a Trunk When Leaving the Switch
 - Examples of Good Rules for Networking
 - Non-Networking of IBM and DEC Networks in a Single Company
 - Routing Based on IP Addresses
 - T-Rex Versus the Elephant
 - Basic Flow with Fred Using a File/Print Server
 - Typical Networking Connector (RJ-45)
 - Dirt Roads Versus the DOT
 - Collision Between Bob's and Archie's Frames
 - Who Is It, Honey?
 - Hubs-A One-Lane Road
 - Using Full Duplex: Making the Streets Two Way
 - What to Do When the Road Sign (Address Table) Doesn't List Your Destination
 - Summary of Ethernet Speeds
 - Networking Basics
 - Master of Your Own (Broadcast) Domain
 - Network's Reason for Existence
 - Two Virtual LANs: Broadcasts Do Not Leave the Originating VLAN
 - Internet Using Mail Servers
 - Forwarding Frames Between Two Switches
 - Traveling a Roadway for a Bit to Get a Byte
 - DECnet Emulating SNA Using a Gateway
 - TCP/IP Standards That Aren't TCP/IP Standards
 - OSI Model Versus TCP/IP Model (a.k.a. T-Rex Versus the Elephant)
 - Driving Bits Across a Wire
 - Pinout Options for RJ-45 Connectors
 - Major Components of a Structured Wiring Plan
 - How to Avoid Most Wrecks
 - Ethernet Source and Destination Addresses
 - Betty Waiting on Fred's Frame That Was Sent to Barney
 - Barney Waiting to Send, When Fred Sends to Barney
 - Switch Logic for Unknown Destinations
 - Ethernet Specifications
 - What Is a Network?
 - Three Broadcast Domains- A Hub-a Switch-and a Hub and Switch
 - Using the Network by Accident
 - No Forwarding Between the Two VLANs
 - Downloading and Transferring Files
 - How to Pack Your Trunk for the Trip to the Other Switch
 - Example Rule for Sending the Bits
 - Public Network Models Provide Pervasively Popular Networks
 - Standards for Physical Networking Nearby
 - Running the Local Department of (Network) Transportation
 - Basics of Data Transmission Across a Wire
 - The Need for a Two-Lane (Network) Road
 - Driving in the Right Lane (Pair) on the Road
 - Rules of the Road: How to Use the Local (Network) Roadway
 - Collision Avoidance by Listening Before Sending
 - I Don't Understand a Thing You're Saying
 - Switches: How to Create Dozens of Lanes on the LAN
 - Barney and Fred Sending and Receiving at the Same TimeFull Duplex
 - How to Go Everywhere at the Same Time
 - A Switch for All Speeds
 - No, Really, What Is a Network?
 - Multiple Physical LANs Require Multiple Switches
 - Using the Network on Purpose
 - Why You Need More Than One LAN
 - Copying myproject.doc Between Barney and Fred
 - Switch2's Dilemma: Which VLAN?
 - Sending the Bits a Packet (Package) at a Time
 - How TCP/IP Standards Grow
 - Standards for Physical Networking Far Away
 - How to Build a Local (Network) Roadway
 - Concurrent Data Transmission Across Two Different Wires
 - Both PCs Using the Same Pair (Lane) to Send Data
 - Preparing for a Trip: How to Make Your Car (Data) "Street Legal"
 - What to Do When a Wreck Happens
 - How the FCS Field Is Used
 - Switch Logic for Fred's Frame Sent to Barney
 - Full Duplex and Full Switching
 - Switch Flood Broadcast Frames
 - Supporting Multiple Speeds on a Single Switch
 - What an Elephanterr, a NetworkLooks Like
 - Small Physical LAN, and You Are in Charge
 - Conceptual View of the Internet
 - If 100 Devices in a LAN Is Good, 1000 Devices Must Be Better
 - Network-Based Applications Covered in This Chapter
 - Trunking Header Tells Switch2 What to Do
 - What to Do When the Bits Get Bashed
 - Some Pretty Popular TCP/IP Protocols It always helps to think about specific examples when learning something new
 - Fred's Alternative to Running a Cable 500 Miles: A WAN Using a Leased Line
 - Driving Bits Across the Network Roadway
 - Choosing Shipping Options When Transporting the Goods over the (Network) Roadway
 - Assuring Data Delivery
 - Why Three Smaller Segments Is Better Than One Big Segment
 - Starting Off on the Right Foot Using a TCP Connection
 - Using Addresses on the (IP) Shipping Label
 - Sizes of Network and Host Parts of IP Addresses
 - Knowing Where to Turn at Each Intersection (Router)
 - Using the Ethernet Frame to Deliver the Packet to the Default Router
 - The Useful but Short Life of an Ethernet Frame
 - The Routing Table at R2: Same Destination, Different Forwarding Instructions
 - Routing to Nearby Places
 - Picking the Best Road (Route)
 - Asking for Name Resolution Help Inside the Company
 - How a Two-Part E-Mail Address Is Used
 - Basic Authentication with POP3
 - Copying Inventory (Files) from the FTP Warehouse
 - operating system (OS),"Hello, I'm at Your Service"
 - The Mechanics of Delivery Confirmation
 - My Little White Lie About Acknowledgments
 - Keith's TCP Connections
 - IP Packets, Including Details About the Data
 - Small- Medium-and Large IP Networks
 - A Short Trip from Your House (PC) to the Local Store (Server)
 - Learning How to Go to the Default Post Office (Router)
 - Deciding Where to Go Next
 - R2's Routing TableSame Destinations, Different Instructions
 - Configuring a Router with Its IP Addresses and Attached Subnets
 - Multiple Ways to Get to the Same Place
 - Resolving Names and Addresses: The Basic DNS Process
 - Rules, Schmools: Even More Rules?
 - SMTP and POP3 Working Together
 - Rules, Schmools for FTP
 - Application Program and Application Layer Asking the Transport Layer for Help
 -  The Format of the Shipping Label: TCP Headers
 - Acknowledging Each Byte
 - Navigating the Roadways to Find the Right Street Address
 - Putting a Name on the Shipping Label
 - The Actual Class A, B, and C Network Numbers
 - Overview of the End-to-End Routing Process Let's review the basic process of routing as covered in Chapter 10
 - What Hannah and R1 Know Before Using ARP
 - Routing Decisions Based on the Routing Table
 - Yet Another Short-Lived Ethernet Frame
 - You're Already There: Directly Connected Routes in R1's and R2's Routing Tables
 - Choices, Choices: Using the Metric to Pick the Best Route
 - Chapter 8. Shipping Goods over a (Network) Roadway
 - Asking for Name Resolution Help Outside the Company
 - TCP/IP E-Mail Standards
 - Typical Usage of SMTP and POP3
 - Browsing Around the Internet Shopping Mall: The World Wide Web
 - Full-Service Shipping
 - Delivery Confirmation, No Errors
 - Delivering the Package to the Right Person, Not Just the Right Address
 - Delivering the Goods to the Right Street (IP) Address
 - How to Run a (Network) Postal Service
 - List of All Possible Valid Class A, B, and C Network Numbers
 - Leaving Your Neighborhood the Same Way, Every Time
 - Hannah Sending an ARP Broadcast, Looking for 8.1.1.250's Ethernet Address
 - Yet Another Ethernet Data Link Frame
 - Other Rules of the Road
 - Painting Road Signs and Other Long-Lasting Directions
 - Introducing the Long List of Routing Protocols
 - Neither Rain, Nor Sleet, Nor Dark of Night: E-Mail
 - DNS Request Is Made- but DNS Server Doesn-t Know the Name
 - E-Mail Client Application and Its Use of Application Layer Protocols
 - Building a Centralized Warehouse: File Transfer
 - Building and Stocking the New Retail Store, AKA New Website
 - Shipping Basics: Controlling Shipments Using Shipping Labels
 - Lose All You WantWe'll Make More
 - TCP destination port
 - Navigation Basics: Driving to the Right Destination
 - One Location, One Zip Code, One Network Number
 - Subdividing a Network into Subnets
 - By Default, Leave Your Network Via the Default Router
 - ARP Reply from R1 to Hannah
 - R1's ARP Broadcast, R2's Reply, and Finally Packet Forwarding
 - R2's Routing TableSame Destinations, Different Instructions
 - Painting a Routing Table with a Static Route
 - IP Routing Protocols
 - Dropping Off and Getting Your (e)Mail
 - How DNSs Work Together
 - Protocols for Addressing the Envelope Correctly: Internet Message Formats
 - Warehousing Process for Transferring Stuff
 - Rules, Schmools for Web Retailing
 - Adding Shipping Information to Data by Encapsulating in a TCP Header
 - TCP Error-Recovery Process
 - Using the Destination Port Field Like a Recipient's Name on a Shipping Label
 - Navigating When Going from Mason and Cincinnati
 - Postal Sorting Using Zip Codes
 - The Problem: Wasting IP Host Addresses
 - Getting into Your Car to Drive to Lunch
 -  Step 1
 - Step 2
 - How to Drive When You Aren't Leaving the Neighborhood (Subnet)
 - Dynamically Learning and Changing Routing Tables
 - Looking Up the Name and Number in the Phone Book (Host Table)
 - Postal Worker Picking Up and Dropping Off the Mail
 - How Names Should Be Formatted
 - The KISS Principle and SMTP
 - FTP Process for Transferring Files
 - Connecting to the Fredsco Home Page
 -  TCP Treats All the Data as Data
 -  maximum segment size
 - The Chicken, the Egg, and the Destination Port of the First Segment
 - IP as the Postmaster General of the Network
 - IP Zip Codes: Network Numbers
 - The Solution: Subnetting Saves IP Host Addresses
 - Encapsulating an IP Packet in an Ethernet Frame
 - Choosing Which Road to Take at the First Intersection
 - Choosing Which Road to Take at the Final Intersection
 - Decision Process with Local Subnet Destinations
 - R2 Learning Routes from R1
 - Using a PC's Local Host File
 - Sending E-Mail Using E-Mail Servers
 - Simple SMTP Messages: Identifying the Client and the Recipient
 - Warehouse Lingo and Procedures
 - Buy One, Get a Bunch for Free
 - Transferring All the Files That Make Up a Web Page
 - Purchasing Insurance for Your (Network) Shipment
 - Segmenting Data Before Sending
 - Initializing TCP Port Numbers
 - Knowing the Address Before Driving to the Destination
 - Three Sizes Fit All
 - Using One Network with Multiple Subnets
 - Encapsulating an IP Packet in an Ethernet Frame
 - The Beginning of R1's Routing Logic
 - The Still Useful, but Still Short Life of an Ethernet Frame
 - Painting the Road Signs on Your Interstate (Internetwork)
 - R1 Learning by Listening for Routing Updates
 - Asking Someone Else to Look Up the Phone Number (IP Address) for You
 - Postal Address Versus E-Mail Address
 - What to Do When You Need a Little POP in Your Network
 - Stocking the FTP Warehouse
 - You Can't Just Send Data; You Have to Send a Frame
 - Physical Parts of Frame Relay
 - You Can Still Use Serial Links, but It Will Cost You Up Front
 - Driving from Home onto the Globally Interconnected (Internet) Roadway
 - Comparing a Phone to a Modem
 - Dr. Analog Voice and Mr. Hiding Digital
 - Basic Authentication Using a Username and Password
 - Leasing the Cable When You Can't Run the Cable
 - I Feel the Need, the Need for Speed
 - Forwarding an IP Packet over a WAN Link
 - Basic Logic Used by the Big Whopping Frame Relay Switch
 - Three Leased Lines to Connect Three Routers
 - Once on the Interstate (Internet), You Can Go Anywhere
 - How Fast Can You Talk?
 - DSL Connection from the Home
 - You Can't Lease the Cross-Over Cable, So Lease Something Almost Just Like It
 - The Need to Control the Speed
 - Encapsulation in HDLC
 - Frame Relay Switching Using Frame Relay Addresses
 - Get Your Free Bandwidth Here! Free Bits!
 - Reaching the World Through One Connection to the Internet
 - Calling the Internet! Calling the Internet!
 - Faster Is Better
 - It's Not Really a 450-Mile Cable, but It Works Like One
 - The Need to Control the Speed
 - Addressing on WAN Serial Links
 - If Two Sites Are Good, Three (or More) Must Be Better
 - Typical Frame Relay Network with Three Sites
 - Comparisons of WAN Links, Frame Relay, and the Internet
 - Now That I Know How to Talk, Whom Should I Call?
 - Sending Data from Home Without Using a Phone Line
 - Establishing a Physical Path from the Customer to the Telco
 - Cabling with Internal and External CSU/DSUs
 - The Choice of Two Data Link Protocols
 - Frame Relay Switching to Multiple Remote Sites
 - Routers and WANs: Still a Match Made in Heaven
 - Using a Phone Line for Data
 - Basic Operation of Modems over PSTN
 - Securing the Network
 - A Leased Line, A Leased Circuit, A Point-to-Point Link, and A WAN Link
 - Double Your Speed at No Cost
 - Leasing a (Network) Roadway Between Lots of Places
 - It's Virtually Like a Leased Circuit, So Let's Call It a Virtual Circuit
 - You Can't Just Send DataYou Have to Send a Frame Relay Frame
 - Making Data Sound Like Voice
 - Calling the ISP Local POP
 - Accepting the Right People and Rejecting the Wrong People
 - The Many Personalities of a WAN Link
 - WAN Link Installation Plan
 - Making the Telco Look Like One Big Whopping Switch
 - Frame Relay PVC Concepts
 - Forwarding an IP Packet over a Frame Relay PVC
 - Analog Electrical Signal: Frequency and Amplitude
 - Now That I Know Whom to Call, What Do I Say?
 - Safe Driving by Using AAA
 - Building an Interstate (Inter-LAN) Highway System
 - Different Names for WAN Link
 - Routers and WANs: A Match Made in Heaven
 - Same Subnets, Similar Routing Table, Over the WAN Link
 - Cabling a Router to the Big Frame Relay Switch
 - Faster, Cheaper, BetterYou Can't Go Wrong with Frame Relay
 - Addressing Is Much More Interesting on Frame Relay Than on Serial Links
 - What Phones Do for Voice, Modems Do for Data
 - Using the Phone Line for Datathe DSL Way
 - Checking for Fake Drivers' (Users') Licenses
 - Leasing a (Network) Roadway Between Two Points
 - Differences Between a Cross-Over Cable and a Leased Circuit
 - Conversion of Decimal IP Address 100.235.2.2 to Binary
 - Glossary d
 - Glossary l
 - Glossary u
 - Hashing Passwords to Create a Message Digest
 - Characterizations of What's Allowed and What's Not
 - Safe Places Outside of Your Neighborhood (Network)
 - Chapter 1
 - Chapter 10
 - Chapter 18
 - Converting from Binary to Decimal
 - Third Pass Through Step 4, for 24 (16)
 - Converting Binary IP Addresses to Decimal IP Addresses
 - Glossary e
 - Glossary m
 - Glossary v
 - Hey! How Did You Get in Here?
 - You're Wearing Your Credit Card Number on Your T-Shirt
 - Enforcing the Ground Rules
 - A Safe but Potentially Risky Place: The DMZ
 - Chapter 2
 - Chapter 11
 - Appendix B. Converting IP Addresses Between Decimal and Binary
 - Example of Binary-to-Decimal Conversion: 10101101
 - Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Passes Through Step 4
 - Conversion of Binary IP Address to Decimal
 - Glossary f
 - Glossary n
 - Glossary w
 - Checking the License to Find Out if He Can Drive That Kind of Vehicle
 - Encrypting IP Packets for a VPN
 - Putting Up a Wall Between the Dangerous Folks and Your Network
 - Using the Police to Watch for Bad Guys
 - Chapter 3
 - Chapter 12
 - Decimal and Binary Numbering Systems
 - Converting 10101101 to Decimal: Multiplying Each Column and Then Adding Them Together
 - Last Pass Through Step 4, for 20 (1)
 - Using a Conversion Chart
 - Glossary g
 - Glossary o
 - Glossary z
 - Fred Can't See Others' Payroll Information
 -  Keeping a Watchful Eye Over Who Drives into Your (Network) Neighborhood
 - Ways to Watch Your (Network) Neighborhood
 - Watching for Wolves in Sheep's Clothing
 - Chapter 4
 - Chapter 13
 - Decimal Numbering System
 - Decimal Powers of 2
 - First Three Steps of Converting Decimal 100 to Binary
 - Binary/Decimal Conversion Chart
 - Glossary h
 - Glossary p
 - cisco waas diagram
 - Tracking Drivers' (Users') Violations
 - Setting the Ground Rules
 - TCP Connections and Well-Known Ports
 - Watching for Patterns with a Network-Based IDS
 - Chapter 5
 - Chapter 14
 - Decimal Numbering: 1s, 10s, and 100s Digits
 - Converting from Decimal to Binary
 - Passes Through Step 4 for 2x Values of 32, 16, 8, 4, and 2 of Decimal-to-Binary Conversion of Decimal 100
 - Glossary A
 - Glossary i
 - Glossary r
 - Cisco Systems
 - No Appls Yet? Be a Good CHAP and Ask PAP
 - An Enterprise Network Connecting to the Internet
 - Deciding When to Stop the Traffic
 - Avoiding Catching Cold
 - Chapter 7
 - Chapter 15
 - Binary Numbering System
 - First Three Steps of Converting Decimal 235 to Binary
 - Final Pass Through Step 4 of Decimal-to-Binary Conversion of Decimal 100
 - Glossary B
 - Glossary j
 - Glossary s
 - Basics of PAP
 - Typical Types of Traffic Allowed Between an Enterprise and the Internet
 - Allowing the TCP Connection from Figure 18-5
 - Profiling What the Bad Guys Want to Do
 - Chapter 8
 - Chapter 16
 - Binary Numbering: 1s, 2s, 4s, 8s (and so on) Digits
 - First Pass Through Step 4 of the Conversion Algorithm, with 26 (64) as the Power of 2
 - Converting IP Addresses
 - Glossary c
 - Glossary k
 - Glossary t
 - Stopping Someone from Using Your License (Password)
 - Traffic That's Typically Not Allowed
 - Disallowing a TCP Connection to an Inside Web Server
 - Appendixes
 - Chapter 9
 - Chapter 17
 - Converting Between Binary and Decimal Numbers
 - Second Pass Through Step 4, for 25 (32)
 - Converting Decimal IP Addresses to Binary IP Addresses

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